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Exam 1 of term 3 > Lecture 5+6+DLA > Flashcards

Lecture 5+6+DLA Flashcards

1
Q

cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

B lactams (penicillin, methicillin, cephalosporin)
vancomycin
lipoglycopeptides (telavancin and oritavancin)

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2
Q

DNA synthesis inhibitors

A

fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)

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3
Q

cellular membrane dysfunction meds

A

lipopeptides (daptomycin)

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4
Q

folate synthesis inhibitors

A

sulfamethoxazole (trimethoprim)

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5
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors (30s)

A

aminoglycosides (doxycycline)

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6
Q

protein synthesis inhibitors (50s)

A

Oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid)

erythromycin

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7
Q

broad spectrum antibiotic

A

targets most bacteria

new gen B lactams (cephalosporins)

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8
Q

narrow spectrum antibiotic

A

very targeted therapy that works on a limited amount of bacteria

Ex. penicillin G

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9
Q

cross resistance

A

resistance mechanism confers resistance to different
classes of antibiotics

ex. Pseudomonas efflux pump

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10
Q

intrinsic resistance

A

all isolates are naturally resistant

ex. Mycoplasma

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11
Q

acquired resistance

A

only some isolates have become resistant

ex. MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus)

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12
Q

plasmid mediated resistance

A

Antibiotic Resistance genes (Abr) are highly mobile via conjugation

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13
Q

phage mediated resistance

A

(Abr) are highly mobile via transduction

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14
Q

chromosomal resistance

A

highly stable

spontaneous mutation

incorporation of donor DNA, donor pro-phage, or plasmid

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15
Q

rich/ complex media

A

Contains growth nutrients from complex biological source (ie. Yeast) to grow a variety of microbes

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16
Q

defined media

A

Contains very specific defined ingredients that are tailored for an organism’s growth requirements

Can be used to determine the growth effects on a specific nutrient ( such as swapping glucose for sucrose)

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17
Q

selective media

A

contains components that select for the growth of specific organisms.

Limits growth of others

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18
Q

differential media

A

allows differentiation of growing bacteria based on different characteristics

Assists with classification

19
Q

MacConkey agar

A

allows for growth of E.coli and Salmonella restricting growth of other Gram + bacteria, especially for fecal samples

20
Q

why can adding lactose to agar be important

A

Lactose is added to identify bacteria that ferment lactose with a pH pink color indicator

E.coli will ferment lactose

salmonella will not ferment lactose

21
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen Agar

A

specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

very lipid rich

22
Q

Thayer-Martin Agar

A

will grow Neisseria gonorrhea

chocolate agar with antibotics will prevent growth of usual flora

23
Q

the growth calculation equation

A

colony forming units / amount plated mL x dilution factor

24
Q

growth dynamics: growth curve

A

lag- newly inoculated cells; adjust to environment; pop is sparse

exponential- growth occurs at max rate; continues as long as the environment is right

stationary- population reaches max number
rate of death = rate of growth

death- decline in growth rate
depletion of nutrients

25
Q

Psychrophiles and Psychrotrophs

A

growth best at cold temps <25° C

relevant to food pathogens

26
Q

Mesophiles

A

grow best at human body temp

most human pathogens are in this range

27
Q

Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles

A

grow best at high temps >65°C

Associated with thermal vents

28
Q

Neutrophiles
Acidophile
Alkaliphiles

A

Neutrophiles = most human pathogens live between 6 and 8

acidophile = grow at a low pH
Lactobacillus as vagina microbiota (pH4)
Helicobacter pylori in stomach (pH2)

alkaliphiles = high pH due to high levels of minerals (pH 9-11)

29
Q

Halophiles
Xerotolerant
Osmotolerant

A

Halo = low Aw due to high NaCl concentrations
Associated with saltwater microbes
ex. Vibrio species including V. cholerae

xero = can grow in lower Aw

osmo = can withstand high osmotic pressure due to high solute concentration

30
Q

example of catalase + and -

A

catalase testes for oxygen consumption

+ = staph

  • = strep
31
Q

obligate aerobe

A

will be SOD and catalase +

02 is needed

Ex: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

32
Q

Facultative aerobes

A

Can use both aerobic respiration (using O2) and
fermentation/anaerobic respiration (without O2)

will be both SOD and catalase +

Ex: E.coli

33
Q

Aerotolerant

A

can grow in the presence or absence of O2

Will be SOD +
Catalase -

ex: strep

34
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

Cannot use O2, die when exposed to O2

negative for both catalase and SOD

ex: Clostridium difficile

35
Q

Microaerophiles

A

require lesser amounts of oxygen

SOD will be +
catalase can be -/+

ex: Helicobacter pylori

36
Q

what is a chi- square test used for?

A

It is used to test if there is an association/ relationship between 2 categorical variables

example: association between smoking and race for cancer

37
Q

what is a T-test used for

A

Two-sample t-tests are statistical tests used to compare the means of two groups.

paired T-tests are used for dependent

unpaired T-tests used for independent

38
Q

what is a paired T-test used for

A

is a statistical test that compares the averages/means and standard deviations of two related groups to determine if there is a significant difference between the two groups

dependent

39
Q

what is an ANOVA used for

A

test of hypothesis that is appropriate to compare a continuous variable in three (3) or more independent comparison groups

The (one-way) ANOVA procedure is used to compare the means of the comparison groups

40
Q

what does regression analysis allow?

A

description: relationships among the dependent variables
estimation: the values of the dependent variables
prognostication: risk factors that will influence that outcome

41
Q

monotonic relationship?

A

Correlation is a measure of a monotonic association between 2 variables

ex: both variables will increase
one will increase and other will decrease
sometimes a linear line

42
Q

covariance

A

The degree to which the change in 1 continuous variable is associated with a change in
another continuous variable

43
Q

Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

A

describes a linear relationship

describes the strength and direction of the relationship

denoted by r (closer to 1 the stronger the relationship)

44
Q

Spearman’s Rank Correlation

A

used for data that is monotonic but nonlinear

similar interpretation to r (-1 - +1)

Exam 1 of term 3 (15 decks)

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