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Microbiology > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

immunology

A

scientific study of the immune system and immune responses

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2
Q

primary functions of immune system

A
  • differentiate between self and nonself cells
  • destroy nonself
  • destroy unhealthy self cells
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3
Q

cells involved in immune response

A
  • originate in bone marrow
  • 3 lines of lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells
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4
Q

2 categories of t cells

A

helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

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5
Q

2 major arms of immune system

A
  • humoral immunity

- cell-mediated immunity

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6
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • where antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific microbes
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7
Q

acquired immunity

A
  • immunity that results from the active production of antibodies
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8
Q

active acquired immunity

A
  • antibodies are produced within the person

- provides lone lasting protection

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9
Q

passive acquired immunity

A
  • antibodies are received that were produced by another person/animal
  • temporary protection
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10
Q

2 types of active acquired immunity

A
  • natural active acquired immunity - occurs naturally

- artificial active acquired immunity - artificially induced, a vaccine

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11
Q

vaccine

A
  • material that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease
  • injection or ingestion
  • most are made from living or dead pathogens or the toxins they produce
  • stimulate immune system to produce protective antibodies
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12
Q

types of vaccines (7)

A
  • attenuated
  • inactivated
  • subunit
  • conjugate
  • toxoid
  • DNA
  • autogenous
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13
Q

attenuated vaccines

A
  • immune system responds to a weakened pathogen

- doesn’t get you sick

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14
Q

inactivated vaccine

A
  • dead pathogen
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15
Q

subunit vaccine

A
  • uses small antigenic piece of pathogen
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16
Q

conjugate vaccine

A

uses part of bacteria combined with something else like a chemical

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17
Q

toxoid vaccine

A

uses inactivated exotoxin of pathogen

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18
Q

DNA vaccine

A

inject DNA and have cells produce new foreign protein

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19
Q

autogenous vaccine

A

reinfect own tissue with neutralized pathogen like boils

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20
Q

2 types of passive acquired immunity

A
  • natural

- artificial

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21
Q

natural passive acquired immunity

A
  • small IgG antibodies passed from mothers blood to baby through placenta
  • occurs with IgA antibodies in breastfeeding
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22
Q

artificial passive acquired immunity

A
  • antibodies from an immune person are transferred to a susceptible person
  • instantaneous
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23
Q

antigens

A
  • foreign organic substances that stimulate production of antibodies
  • a bacterial cell has many molecules on its surface capable of stimulating production fo antibodies
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24
Q

antigenic/immunogenic

A

substances capable of stimulating antibodies

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25
Q

antibodies

A
  • proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen
  • antigen specific
  • belongs to immunoglobulins
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26
Q

immunoglobulins

A
  • globular glycoproteins in blood that participate in immune reactions
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27
Q

places in body that have antibodies

A
  • tears
  • saliva
  • mucous membranes
  • colostrum
  • lymph
  • blood plasma
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28
Q

factors determining the amount and type of antibodies produced by antigenic stimulation

A
  • nature of the antigen
  • site of antigenic stimulation
  • amount of antigen
  • number of times the person is exposed to the antigen
29
Q

t-dependent antigens

A

T cells are required in their processing

30
Q

t-independent antigens

A

require only B cells in their processing

31
Q

processing of T-independent antigens

A
  • B cell with specific antigen receptor
  • B cell binds to antigen
  • activated B cell multiplies into plasma cells and b memory cells
  • plasma cells make antibodies
  • b memory cells have same antigen receptor as original
32
Q

primary response

A
  • the initial immune response to an antigen

- takes 10-14 days for antibodies to be produced

33
Q

secondary response

A
  • increased production of antibodies and memory cells following the second exposure to a particular antigen
34
Q

where do immune responses occur

A
  • immune responses in blood are initiated in spleen

- responses to microbes and other antigens in tissues are generated in lymph nodes near infected area

35
Q

5 types of immunoglobulins

A
  • IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

- all antibodies are immunoglobulins but not all immunoglobulins are antibodies

36
Q

hybridomas

A
  • long lived antibody producing cells
  • produced by combining single plasma cell and rapidly diving tumor
  • capable of producing large amount of specific antibodies called monoclonal antibodies
37
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A
  • used in immunodiagnostic procedures for imaging

- being evaluated for use in fighting disease, killing tutors, boosting immune system, and preventing organ rejection

38
Q

antigen-antibody complex

A
  • when an antibody combines with an antigen

- capable of activating complement cascade

39
Q

complement cascade results

A
  • activation of leukocytes
  • lysis of bacterial cells
  • increased phagocytosis as a result of opsonization
40
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A
  • interactions among many cells and cytokines
  • capable of controlling chronic infections by intracellular pathogens like bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses
  • macrophages, t helper, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and granulocytes
41
Q

natural killer cells

A
  • large granular lymphocytes
  • do not proliferate in response to antigen and not involved in antigen-specific recognition
  • kill target cells including foreign, infected host cells, and tutor cells
42
Q

hypersensitivity

A
  • overly sensitive immune system
43
Q

types of hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • immediate

- delayed

44
Q

immediate type hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • occurs within a few minutes to 24 hours after contact with antigen
  • types I, II, and III
45
Q

delayed type hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • usually takes more than 24 hours to manifest

- type IV

46
Q

type I hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • anaphylactic shock
  • classic allergic responses like hay fever, asthma, hives, GI symptoms from food allergies
  • allergic responses to insect stings and drugs
  • most common
47
Q

type I allergic response

A
  • people prone to allergies produce IgE antibodies when exposed to allergens
  • allergic reaction results from IgE antibodies bound to basophils in blood or mast cells in connective tissue
  • histamine causes vasodilation
  • heparin thins blood
48
Q

hypersensitivity factors

A
  • nature of antigen
  • route of entry
  • amount of antigen
  • length of exposure time
  • frequency of exposure
  • ability to produce IgE antibodies
49
Q

type I hypersensitivity events

A
  • mast cell stabilization
  • binding of allergen
  • mast cell degranulation releasing histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
  • allergic response
50
Q

localized type I hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • involve mast cell degranulation
  • result in allergic reactions like hay fever symptoms, asthma, food allergies
  • specific tissue reactions
51
Q

systemic type I hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • involved basophil degranulation throughout the body

- can lead to anaphylactic shock

52
Q

systemic anaphylaxis

A
  • results from release of chemical mediators from basophils in bloodstream
  • occurs throughout body
  • common allergens involved are insect venom and drugs
53
Q

latex allergy

A
  • can trigger 3 types of reactions
    1) irritant contact dermatitis
    2) allergic contact dermatitis
    3) immediate type hypersensitivity
54
Q

skin tests

A
  • scratch test
  • used to identify offending allergens in pts
  • positive tests is indicated if cutaneous anaphylaxis occurs at site of scratch
55
Q

immunotherapy

A
  • IM doses of allergen

- IgG blocking antibodies produced in response and they compete with IgE

56
Q

type II hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • cytotoxic

- body cells are destroyed

57
Q

type II hypersensitivity reaction sequence of events

A
  • drug binds to surface of cell
  • antidrug antibodies bind to drug
  • complement activation on cell surface is initiated
  • complement cascade leads to lysis of cell
58
Q

type III hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • immune complex such as those occurring in serum sickness and certain autoimmune disorders
  • involved IgG or IgM antibodies, complement, and neutrophils
  • some complications of untreated streptococcus infections are the result of type III
59
Q

delayed type hypersensitivity reaction

A
  • part of cell mediated immunity
  • reactions are 24-48 hrs after exposure
  • prime mode of defence against intracellular bacteria and fungi
  • involved macrophages, cytotoxic T cell, and nk cells
  • TB test
60
Q

autoimmune disease

A
  • when a persons immune system can no longer differentiate between self and nonself cells
  • destroys self cells
  • more than 80 disease
  • can be organ specific or non organ specific
  • Hashimoto thyroiditis, graves disease, MS
61
Q

how autoimmune disease occur

A
  • when certain tissues are not exposed to the immune system during fetal development
62
Q

immunosuppression

A
  • person whose immune system is not functioning properly
  • acquired can be caused by drugs, irradiation, of infectious diseases (HIV)
  • inherited can be result of deficiencies in antibody production, complement activity, phagocytic function, or NK cell function
63
Q

agammaglobulinemia

A

people borne lacking ability to produce antibodies

64
Q

hypogammaglobulinemia

A

people not producing a sufficient amount of antibodies

65
Q

immunodiagnostic procedure

A
  • help diagnose infectious disease by detecting antigens or antibodies in clinical specimens
  • presence of antibodies can be from present or past infection or vaccination
  • agglutination, precipitin tests, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays
66
Q

agglutination prcedure

A

clumping means +

not clumping means -

67
Q

blood types

A
  • A has A antigen
  • B has B antigen
  • AB as A and B antigen
  • O has neither
68
Q

skin testing

A
  • performed in vivo
  • antigens injection within or beneath skin
  • TB skin test
69
Q

procedures for diagnosis of immunodeficiency disorders

A
  • for assessment of pts immune status and elevation of immunodeficiency disorders
  • include B cells deficiency states, cell mediated immunodeficiencies, complement deficiencies

Microbiology (18 decks)

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