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EPPP - Nicole's > Key Words Associated with Theorists/Key Themes > Flashcards

Key Words Associated with Theorists/Key Themes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 lobes in the FOREBRAIN (Cerebral Cortex) and their primary functions:

A

Frontal Lobe: Motor Cortex, Broca’s Area (speech) and Prefrontal Cortex (Executive Functions, Emotion, Memory, Attention)

Parietal Lobe: Somatosensory Cortex (pressure, temp, pain, proprioception)

Temporal Lobe: Auditory Cortex, Wernicke’s Area (comprehension), retrieves/stores LT memory

Occipital Lobe: Visual perception, visual recognition and visual memory

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2
Q

Mental Research Institute (MRI)

A
  • A Type of Family Therapy: Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
  • Symmetrical Communication (quality/ ‘one-upping’ each other)
  • Complementary Communication (inequality/maximizes differences; Dom/submissive)
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3
Q

What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs: Phenothiazine Thioxanthene Butyrophenone (Haloperidol)

A
  • Traditional Antipsychotic Drugs
  • What it’s for: + schizophrenia symptoms (mania, delusions, hallucinations
  • How it Works: Block Dopamine Receptors - Side Effects: Anticholinergic, Extrapyramidal (TARDIVE DYKSKINSIA) and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
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4
Q

Existential Therapy

A
  • A Type of Humanistic Psychotherapy
  • Inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concerns of existence
  • therapist-client relationship = most important therapy tool
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5
Q

Bowen

A
  • A Type of Family Therapy - Extended Family Systems Therapy - Differentiation (separate intellect and emotion functioning) - Emotional Triangle - Multigenerational Transmission Process of lower differentiation ability - Genogram creation
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6
Q

Freud

A
  • Type of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy - Psychoanalysis - Analysis of Free Associations, Dreams, Resistances and Transferences - Defense Mechanisms (Repression, Reaction Formation, Projection) - Psychic Determinism (all Beh are meaningful/serve a psychological function)
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7
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Antabuse
A

Anti-Alcohol Drugs: Disulfiram For: Alcohol Use Disorder Effects: Inhibits alcohol metabolism/creates build up in system Side Effects: Drowsiness, Depression, Disorientation, Impotence, Blood dyscrasia

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8
Q

Carbamazepine (purpose and side effects)

A
  • Mood Stabilizer: Anticonvulsant Drug
  • For: Mania and Bipolar that’s nonresponsive to Lithium
  • Side Effects: Sx tolerance develops quickly (dizziness, ataxia, visual disturbances), potential cardiovascular effects
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9
Q
  • Define the Key Differences between the 3 Organizational Theories:
    • Scientific Management (Taylor)
    • Human Relations Movement/Hawthorne Effect
    • McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
A
  • Scientific Management (Taylor): worker’s are motivated by self-interest, money primarily - Human Relations Movement/Hawthorne Effect: Productivity improved by novelty, interest and special attention - McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y: X managers believe workers hate work and must be controlled Y managers believe that workers find work natural and are able to self-direct/control
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10
Q

Prochaska and DiClemente

A
  • A Type of Brief Therapy - The Transtheoretical Model - 6 Stages of Change (Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Termination) - 3 mediating variables (Decisional balance, Self-Efficacy, Temptation)
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11
Q

Mahler

A
  • Type of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy - Object Relations Therapy
  • Key Words:
    • Separation-Individuation (begins 4-5 months old)
    • Object Constancy
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12
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Ziprasidone
    • Olanzapine
    • Risperidone
    • Clozapine
    • Aripiprazole
    • Quetiapine
A
  • Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
  • What it’s for: +/- schizophrenia Sx, Unresponsive Bipolar, Depression, Alcohol/Drug Addiction, Motor Sx of Parkinson’s/Huntington’s
  • How it Works: Block Dopamine, Serotonin and Glutamate Receptors
  • Side Effects: Anticholinergic, Extrapyramidal (LESS LIKELY TO CAUSE TARDIVE DYKSKINSIA) and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, Agranulocytosis
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13
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Dexamphetamine Sulphate
A
  • Psychostimulants: Amphetamines
  • For: ADHD, Narcolepsy
  • Effects: Increases release of Norepinephrine/Dopamine and blocks their reuptake
  • Side Effects: Restlessness, poor appetite, insomnia, sensitization with repeated use
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14
Q

Solutions Focused Therapy

A
  • A Type of Brief Therapy
  • Client is expert
  • 3 questions (Miracle Q, Exception Q, Scaling Q)
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15
Q

Minuchin

A
  • A Type of Family Therapy - Structural Family Therapy
  • Boundaries (rules that determine contact)
  • 3 Rigid Triads (Detouring, Stable Coalition, Triangulation)
  • Therapy Techniques: Joining, Evaluating Structure, Restructuring
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16
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A
    • A Type of Brief Therapy
  • OARS (Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflective Listening, Summaries)
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17
Q

Object Relations Family Therapy

A
  • A Type of Family Therapy
  • Maladaptive Bx due to: Intrapsychic and interpersonal factors
  • Projective Identification (projects old introjects onto a family member and reacts towards them as if they actually had those characteristics)
  • Multiple Transferences
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18
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Isocarboxazid
    • Phenelzine
    • Tranylcyromine
A
  • Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI’s)
  • What it’s for: Atypical Sx of Depression (Anxiety, reverse vegetative Sx, Interpersonal Sensitivity)
  • How it Works: Inhibits enzyme Monoamine Oxidase (involved in deactivating Dopamine, Serotonin and Norepinephrine)
  • Side Effects: SKIN RASH, EDEMA, HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS, AVOID TYRAMINE RICH FOODS
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19
Q

Azapirone

A
  • Sedative-Hypnotics
  • For: Anxiety, produces no sedation
  • Side Effects: Non-addiction forming, takes weeks for effects, not subject to abuse
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20
Q

Klerman and Weissman

A
  • A Type of Brief Therapy - Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
  • 4 primary problem areas (unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, interpersonal deficits)
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21
Q

Lithium (purpose and side effects)

A
  • Mood Stabilizer
  • For: Bipolar Disorder (Classic w/ manic and rapid cycling mood)
  • Side Effects: Toxicity with high dose, gastro issues, fine hand tremor, polyoria, polydispsia
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22
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • A Type of Humanistic Psychotherapy - Person-Centered Therapy
  • People have innate self-actualization tendency
  • 3 facilitative conditions (unconditional positive regard, genuineness, accurate empathic understanding)
  • Avoidance of direct techniques
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23
Q

William Glasser

A
  • A Type of Humanistic Psychotherapy - Reality Therapy
  • 5 basic needs that serve as motivation (survival, love/belonging, power, freedom, fun)
  • Success identity/failure identity
  • Mental illness is a choice
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24
Q
  • Describe Functions of the following structures in the HINDBRAIN/BRAIN STEM:
  1. Medulla
  2. Pons
  3. Cerebellum
A
  • Medulla: Vital functions
  • Pons: Integration of left/right side movement (connects both halves of cerebellum)
  • Cerebellum: Balance, posture, coordination, refined movement, shifting attention, sensorimotor learning
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25
Q

Adler

A
  • Type of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy - Individual Psychology
  • Teleological Approach
  • Style of Life (health vs. mistaken)
  • Lifestyle investigation to determine style of life
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26
Q

Propranolol

A
  • Sedative-Hypnotics
  • For: High Blood Pressure, Angina, Heart disorders, Migraines
  • Effect: Block Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
  • Side Effects: LETHAL IF PRE-EXISTING RESPIRATORY PROBS
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27
Q

What are the 5 areas of the Spinal Chord from Head to Toe

*HINT: TLS is in a CC sandwich

A
  1. Cervical (damage causes quadriplegia/tetraplegia)
  2. Thoracic (damage causes paraplegia)
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
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28
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Progressive degeneration of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra (Unknown cause)
  • Risk factors: exposures to toxins
  • Positive Sx: Tremors at rest, muscle rigidity, akathisia (cruel restlessness)
  • Negative Sx: Postural Disturbances, speech difficulties, bradykinesia (slowed movement), akinesia (lowered/absence of spontaneous movement)
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29
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Ritalin
    • Concerta
    • Metadate
A
  • Psychostimulants: Methylphenidate
  • For: ADHD
  • Effects: Increases release of Norepinephrine/Dopamine and blocks their reuptake
  • Side effects: Reduced appetite, dysphoria, tachycardia, ‘drug holiday’ needed to avoid suppression (Sx quickly come back when stopped)
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30
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Diazepam
    • Alprazolam
    • Oxazepam
    • Triazolam
    • Chlordiazepoxide
    • Lorazepam
A
  • Sedative-Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines
  • For: Anxiety, Sleep Disturbances, Seizures, Alcohol Withdrawal, Cerebral Palsy
  • Effects: Stimulate inhibitory effect of GABA
  • Side Effects: Drowsiness, ataxia, anterograde amnesia, ABRUPT CESSATION = REBOUND HYPEREXCITABILITY (seizure, depersonalization, panic, stroke)
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31
Q

George Kelly

A
  • A Type of Humanistic Psychotherapy - Personal Construct Therapy
  • Construing (perceives, interprets, predicts)
  • Personal Constructs (bipolar constructs - happy/sad)
  • Trying on different personal constructs
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32
Q

Behavioural Family Therapy

A
  • A Type of Family Therapy
  • Based on operant conditioning, social learning theory, and social exchange therapy
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33
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Amobarbital
    • Pentobarbital
    • Secobarbital
    • Phenobarbital
A
  • Sedative-Hypnotics: Barbiturate’s
  • For: Sedation and Anesthetic
  • Effects: Interrupts impulses in the RAS
  • Side Effects: Slurred speech, decrease REM, overdose can cause death, creates physical dependence, severe withdrawal
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34
Q

Krumboltz

A
  • Krumboltz’s Social-Learning Theory Focuses on career decision-making and that these decisions are influenced by 4 factors:
    • ​genetic endowment/abilities
    • environmental conditions
    • learning experiences
    • task skills
  • **Focus on continual development NOT specific matching
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35
Q

Berry

A
  • Acculturation (4 stages)
    • 1) Integration (Maintains Min Culture, Incorporates some Dom)
    • 2) Assimilation (Yes Dom Culture, No Min Culture)
    • 3) Separation (No Dom Culture, Yes Min Culture)
    • 4) Marginalization (Identifies with none)
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36
Q

Jung

A
  • Type of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy - Analytical Psychotherapy
  • Collective Unconscious
  • Archetypes
  • Individuation (incorporation of unconscious and conscious to form unique identity)
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37
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • Inherited degenerative disease due to autosomal dominant gene
  • Offspring have 50% chance of having disorder
  • Linked to lowered GABA
  • Emotion Sx: Depression, Apathy, Anxiety, Antisocial, Forgetfulness
  • Physical Sx: Clumsiness, Fidgeting, Facial Grimaces, “piano playing” movements
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38
Q

Atkinson, Morten, Sue (Hint CDRII)

A
  • Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model
    • Conformity
    • Dissonance
    • Resistance/Immersion
    • Introspection
    • Integrative Awareness
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39
Q

Ridley

A

Cultural vs. Functional Paranoia

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40
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Fluoxetine
    • Fluvoxamine
    • Paroxetine
    • Sertraline
A
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)
  • What it’s for: Depression/Melancholic, Panic, PTSD, Bulimia, OCD
  • How it Works: Blocks reuptake of serotonin
  • Side Effects: GASTRO DISTURBANCES, ANXIETY, ANOREXIA, sexual dysfunction, headache
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41
Q

Yalom

A
  • Group Therapy - 3 Formative Stages:
    • (a) Orientation, Hesitant Participation, Search for Meaning, Dependency;
    • (b) Conflict, Dominance, Rebellion;
    • (c) Development of Cohesiveness
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42
Q

Troidan

A
  • Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model
    1. ​​Sensitization/Feeling Different
    2. Self-Recognition/Identity Confusion
    3. Identity Assumption
    4. Commitment/Identity Integration
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43
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • Amitriptyline
    • Notriptyline
    • Doxepin
    • Imipramine
    • Clomipramine
A
  • Tricyclics (TCA)
  • What it’s for: Depression, Panic, Agoraphobia, Bulimia, OCD, Enuresis and Neuropathic Pain
  • How it Works: Blocks reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
  • Side Effects: CARDIOVASULAR SX, PARETHESIA (pins and needles), Anticholinergic Effects, weight gain
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44
Q

Dawis & Loquist

A
  • Dawis & Loquist’s Theory of Work Adjustment Satisfaction (& other job outcomes) depend on the interaction between a worker and their environment on 2 dimensions:
    • Satisfaction: job characteristics lining up with values/needs
    • Satisfactoriness: job skills lining up with their actual skills
45
Q

Fritz Perls

A
  • A Type of Humanistic Psychotherapy - Gestalt Therapy
  • Personality consists of the ‘self’ and the ‘self image’ (darker side)
  • 4 main boundary disturbances (Introjection, Projection, Retroflection, Confluence)
  • Transference is counterproductive/a fantasy
  • Primary curative factor of therapy = awareness
46
Q

Jay Haley

A
  • A Type of Family Therapy - Strategic Family Therapy
  • Paradoxical Interventions (5):
    • Ordeal (assign unpleasant task whenever a Sx occurs);
    • Restraining (encouraging NO change);
    • Positioning (exaggerating Sx severity);
    • Reframing (relabeling Sx to more + meaning);
    • Prescribing the Sx (encouraging ppl to deliberately engage in Sx)
47
Q

Attribution theory

A
  • applied to the learned helplessness model of depression
  • DEPRESSIVE COGNITION= internal, stable, global attributions
  • HEALTHY COGNITION = external, unstable, specific attributions
48
Q

Holland

A
  • Holland’s Career Theory
    • ​(RIASEC; Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional)
  • Emphasizes the importance of a good personality/work environment match (striving for a high-degree of differentiation)
49
Q

Tiedman and O’Hara

A
  • Tiedman and O’Hara’s Career Decision-Making Model Describes job identity Development as an ongoing process, tied to ego development
  • 2 phases of decision making:
    • Anticipation and implementation/adjustment
50
Q
  • What class, purpose, effect and side effects are the following drugs:
    • ReVia
    • Vivitrol
A
  • Anti-Alcohol Drugs:
  • For: Alcohol Use Disorder
  • Effects: Blocks cravings/reinforcing effects (opiod receptor antagonist)
  • Side Effects: Abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, nervousness, headache, joint/muscle pain
51
Q
  • Describe Functions of the following structures in the MIDBRAIN:
    • Superior & Inferior Colliculi
    • Substantia Nigra
    • Reticular Formation (RAS)
A
  • Superior & Inferior Colliculi: Routes for Visual/Auditory Stimuli
  • Substantia Nigra: Motor Activity/Brains Reward System
  • Reticular Formation (RAS): Respiration, Coughing, Vomiting, REM Sleep, arousal, wakefulness
52
Q

Super’s Theory

A
  • Super’s Life-Space/Life-Span Theory
  • Job selection involves finding a job that matches one’s own self-concept (values, interests, personality)
  • Self-Concept
  • Career Maturity
  • Life-Career Rainbow
53
Q

Milan Systemic Family Therapy

A
  • A Type of Family Therapy
  • Hypothesizing, Neutrality, Paradox, Circular Questions
54
Q

Cross

A
  • Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model (PEII)
    1. Pre-encounter
    2. Encounter
    3. Immersion-Emersion
    4. Internalization
55
Q

Helm

A
  • White Racial Identity Development Model (CDRPIA)
    • Contact Status
    • Disintegration Status
    • Reintegration Status
    • Pseudo-Independence
    • Immersion-Emersion
    • Autonomy
56
Q
  • Describe Functions of the following structures in the FOREBRAIN (SUBCORTICAL):
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus (Inside: Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ‘SCN’)
    • Hippocampus
    • Amygdala
    • Basal Ganglia
A
  • Thalamus: Relay station for sensory info (EXCEPT OLFRACTION)
  • Hypothalamus: Hunger, Thirst, Sex, Sleep, Body Temp, Emotional Reaction, Movement
  • Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): Mediates Sleep-wake/circadian rhythms (SAD disorder)
  • Hippocampus: Learning, Memory, consolidating LT memory, processing spatial/visual/verbal info
  • Amygdala: Attaches emotions to memories
  • Basal Ganglia: Initiates and plans motor acts and direction, sensorimotor learning
57
Q

Describe Maslow’s Need-Hierarchy Theory

A
  • Needs based on:
    • ​Physiological
    • Safety
    • Social/Belonging
    • Esteem
    • Self-Actualization
  • A need is a motivator until it’s been satisfied
58
Q

Describe McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory

A
  • Uses the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to find underlying needs of job motivation (achievement, power, affiliation).
  • People with a high need for achievement (nACH) are goal and task oriented and choose moderate difficulty/risk tasks and want frequent/concrete feedback.
59
Q

Describe Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

A
  • Theory is based on satisfaction and motivation
    • Lower-level needs: Little effect on satisfaction or motivation, but will produce lowered satisfaction if unfulfilled (hygiene factors boost these needs; pay, benefits, co-worker relationships)
    • Higher-level needs: Increase satisfaction and motivation when fulfilled, but do not cause dissatisfaction when they are unfulfilled. Motivator factors that boost this need are: opportunities for responsibility, advancement, etc.
60
Q

Describe Goal-Setting Theory

A
  • Employees are motivated to achieve goals they have consciously accepted and are committed to (participation in goal setting is helpful).
  • High levels of productivity associated with moderately difficult goals.
61
Q

Describe Equity Theory

A
  • Employees compare the ratio of their own inputs (skills, experience, education) to outcomes (financial/non-financial rewards) of others performing similar jobs.
  • Ratios perceived to be equal = workers are comfortable/satisfied if not, they try to alter situation to reflect balance/equity
62
Q

Describe Expectancy Theory

A
  • An employee will work hard if they believe:
    • a) a high effort will lead to successful task performance (high expectancy)
    • b) believes that successful performance will lead to rewards (high instrumentality)
    • c) views the rewards as desirable (positive valence)
63
Q

Describe Fiedler’s Contingency Theory and the two interacting qualities.

A
  • Leadership effectiveness based on the interaction between leader’s style and favorableness of the situation.
  • Leader’s style:
    • High LPC (one who describes the least preferred coworker in a favourable way) is relationship-oriented and focused on maintaining support/trust.
    • Low LPC is task-oriented and is interested in goal-achievement
  • Situational Favorableness = amount of influence/power leader has
    • positive relationships with employees = greater influence
    • more highly structured tasks = greater influence
    • more rewards used = greater influence
  • Low LPC leaders performing best in very unfavourable and very favourable situations.
  • High LPC leaders performing best in moderate situations.
64
Q

Describe Path-Goal Theory

A

An effective leader is one who can help identify a path for the subordinates to fulfill their own personal goals (through the achievement of the organization’s goals)

65
Q

Describe Simon’s Models of Individual Decision-Making:

A
  • Rational-Economic Model: Benefits are maximized by searching/considering all alternative options before selecting one.
    • Bounded Rationality (Administrative) Model: Limited capabilities/time/resources force less than rational decisions.
    • They ‘satisfice’ rather than optimize, choosing the first option that meets minimum criteria.
66
Q

Describe Lewin’s Force-Field Analysis of Planned Change

A
  • Organizational change process involves 3 stages:
    • 1) Unfreezing - need for change is recognized
    • 2) Changing - moving organization into new direction
    • 3) Refreezing - stabilize organization in new norm
67
Q

Describe Person-Organization Fit (P-O fit)

A
  • The extent to which the values held by a specific individuals match those of the organization’s culture
  • Good P-O fit has small impact on employee productivity
  • Associated with other positive things (job satisfaction, lower turnover and stress, etc)
68
Q

Define the Yerkes-Dodson Law

A
  • Rel. between level of arousal and performance is described by an inverted “U” shape.
  • Moderate levels of arousal associated with best performance
    • Moderated by task difficulty:
      • Easy task - higher level of arousal is optimal;
      • Hard task - lower levels of arousal optimal
69
Q

Describe Karasek’s Demand-Control Model

A
  • Job demands (workload, time pressures, responsibility) and Job control (autonomy, discretion for using different skills) are the primary contributors to job stress.
    • High job demands, low job control = most stressful AND associated with dissatisfaction, emotional exhaustion, depression and health probs.
70
Q

What is Achromatopsia?

A

color blindness

71
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

Loss of the ability to identify objects using one or more senses.

72
Q

What is Agranulocytosis?

A

Agranulocytosis is a life-threatening blood disorder. It happens when the body doesn’t make enough of a type of white blood cells called neutrophils.

73
Q

What is Akathisia?

A

inability to remain still.

74
Q

what is Akinesia?

A

loss or impairment of the power of voluntary movement.

75
Q

What is Anomia?

A

a form of aphasia in which the patient is unable to recall the names of everyday objects.

76
Q

What is Anosognosia?

A

a person with a disability is cognitively unaware of having it due to an underlying physical condition.

77
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

A comprehension and communication (reading, speaking, or writing) disorder resulting from damage or injury to the specific area in the brain.

78
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

A neurological syndrome characterized by difficulty with motor planning and performing tasks.

79
Q

What is Asomatognosis?

A

a neurological disorder characterized as loss of recognition or awareness of part of the body.

80
Q

What is Ataxia?

A

a lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects.

81
Q

What is Dysprosody?

A

failed signaling or identification of various cues in normal speech signals.

82
Q

What is Gerstmann’s Syndrome?

A

a rare neurological disorder that can occur as the result of a brain injury or as a developmental disorder. The syndrome is characterized by:

  • the loss or absence of four cognitive abilities:
    • the loss of the ability to express thoughts in writing (agraphia, dysgraphia)
    • to perform simple arithmetic problems (acalculia)
    • to recognize or indicate one’s own or another’s fingers (finger agnosia)
    • to distinguish between the right and left sides of one’s body.
83
Q

What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?

A

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs.

Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.

84
Q

What is Paresthesia?

A

“pins and needles” caused chiefly by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves.

85
Q

What is Tardive Dyskinesia?

A

A neurological syndrome that results in involuntary and repetitive body movements.

86
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one’s own face (self-recognition), is impaired.

**while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decision-making) remain intact**

87
Q

What is Synesthesia?

A

stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.

(e.g., smell an organge, see a trumpet)

88
Q

What is Visual Agnosia?

A

an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects.

It is not due to a deficit in vision (acuity, visual field, and scanning), language, memory, or intellect

89
Q

What is the main function of the Neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine?

A
  • Found in the peripheral and central nervous system
  • Causes the muscles to contract
  • Involved in REM sleep, regulation of sleep-wake cycle, and learning and memory
90
Q

What is the main function of the Neurotransmitter, Dopamine?

A
  • Personality, Mood, Memory, Sleep, movement regulation, reinforcing feelings from drugs/alcohol
  • Linked to Schizophrenia (dopamine hypothesis), Tourette’s, Parkinson’s
91
Q

What is the main function of the Neurotransmitter, Nirepinephrine?

A
  • Mood, Attention, Dreaming, Learning, Some Autonomic Functions
  • Linked to some forms of depression
92
Q

What is the main function of the Neurotransmitter, Serotonin?

A
  • Mood, Hunger, Temperature Regulation, Sexual Activity, Arousal, Sleep, Aggression, Migraine Headache
  • High Levels Linked to Schizophrenia, Autism, Anorexia
  • Low levels linked to: Aggression, Depression, Suicide, Bulimia Nervosa, PTSD, OCD
93
Q

What is the main function of the Neurotransmitter, GABA?

A
  • Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
  • Role in: Eating, Seizure, Anxiety, Motor control, Vision, Sleep
  • Low levels linked to: Anxiety, Huntington’s
94
Q

What is the main function of the Neurotransmitter, Glutamate?

A
  • Excitatory Neurotransmitter
  • Role in: Learning, Memory (Long-term potentiation)
  • High levels: can lead to excitotoxicity (Seizures, Stroke, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
95
Q

What are the key differentiating symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal?

A
  • At least 2 of the following symptoms needed (BOLDED ARE UNIQUE Sx):
    • Autonomic Hyperactivity (tachycardia, sweating)
    • Hand Tremor
    • Insomnia
    • Nausea/Vomiting
    • Transient Illusions/Hallucinations
    • Anxiety
    • Psychomotor Agitation
    • Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
96
Q

What are the key differentiating symptoms of Opiod Withdrawal?

A
  • Requires 3 of the following sx (BOLDED ARE UNIQUE Sx):
    • Dysphoric Mood
    • Nausea or Vomitting
    • Muscle Aches
    • Lacrimation or Rhinorrhea (tears or mucus build up in nose)
    • Pupillary Dialation
    • Piloerection
    • Sweating
    • Diarrhea
    • Yawning
    • Fever
    • Insomnia
97
Q

What are the key differentiating symptoms of Tobbaco Withdrawal?

A
  • 4 Sx needed (BOLDED ARE UNIQUE Sx):
    • Irritability or anger
    • Anxiety
    • Impaired Concentration
    • Increased Appetite
    • Restlessness
    • Depressed Mood
    • Insomnia
98
Q

Describe Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development, their associated age and major accomplishments/limitations:

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)
    1. ​Object Permenance
    2. Primary, secondary and tertiary reactions
  2. Pre-Operational Stage (2-7 years)
    1. ​Centration & irreversability
    2. Precausal/Transductive Reasoning (magical thinking &animism)
    3. Egocentrism
  3. Operational Stage (7-11/12 years)
    1. ​Conservation
    2. Horizontal Decalage
  4. Formal Operational Stage (12 years +)
    1. ​Adolescent Egocentrism (personal fable and imaginary audience)
99
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A
  • Learning is socially mediated through 2 steps:
    • 1) Interpersonal (through interactions)
    • 2) Intrapersonal (internalizes what has been learned)
  • Zone of proximal development
  • Scaffolding
100
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

*Hint (Old Ass Phones [are] LG)

A
  1. Oral Stage (birth - 1 year)
  2. Anal Stage (1-3 years)
  3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
  4. Latency Stage (6-12 years)
  5. Genital Stage (12+ years)
101
Q

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

A
  1. Bastic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood)
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (school age)
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (old age)
102
Q

Name the 4 stages from both Freud and Erikson that line up (in terms of ages)

A
  • Oral Stage / Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust (Infancy)
  • Anal Stage / Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (toddlerhood)
  • Phallic Stage / Initiative vs. Guilt (early childhood)
  • Latency Stage / Industry vs. Inferiority (school age)
103
Q

Describe Marcia’s 4 Identity Statuses (adolescense identity crisis)

A
  1. Indentity Diffusion (no crisis, no exploration)
  2. Identity foreclosure (no crisis, adopting career of parents)
  3. Identity Moratorium (yes crisis, active exploration)
  4. Identity Achievement (resolved crisis, identity achieved)
104
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

A
  1. Preconventional Morality
    1. ​Punishment and Obediance
    2. Instrumental Hedonism (obtaining rewards & satisfying needs starts to become more intriguing than simply avoiding punishments)
  2. Conventional Morality
    1. ​‘Good boy/Good girl’ Orientation (WANTS approval)
    2. Law and Order
  3. Postconventional Morality
    1. ​Morality Contract, Individual rights, democratically accepted laws (can be altered if human rights are violated)
    2. Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience (ethical principals)
105
Q

Describe Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development

A
  1. Premoral Stage (birth - 6 yrs)
    1. Little concern for rules
  2. Heteronomous Morality (7-10 yrs old)
    1. Believe that rules are set by authority figures and unalterable.
  3. Autonomous Morality (Age 11+)
    1. Rules as arbitraty and alterable when the people who govern them agree to change them
    2. Focus on intent and consequences
106
Q

Describe the difference between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Preventions

A
  • Primary preventions are aimed at reducing the development and incidence of mental disorders.
  • Secondary preventions target individuals who have just begun to exhibit symptoms of a disorder in order to prevent the disorder from becoming more serious.
  • Tertiary preventions are aimed at individuals who have already developed a disorder.
    • Their goal is to reduce the risk for chronicity and relapse and any other problems related to the disorder.
107
Q

Name the 4 scales of measurement and their descriptions

A
  • Nominal Scale: Unordered categories (Gender, DSM diagnosis)
  • Ordinal Scale: Provided Order to Categories (Likert Scale, Ranks)
  • Interval Scale: Order, Equal Intervals, No true Zero (Standardized scores, temperature)
  • Ratio Scale: Equal intervals, absolute zero point (Money, reaction time)
108
Q
A

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