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cna > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working together to maintain internal stability, when body systems are working at their best

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2
Q

metabolism

A

for homeostasis to occur, the physical and chemical processes, that must be working at a steady level, when dz or injury occurs, body’s metabolism is disrupted and homeostasis is lost

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3
Q

body systems

A

integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, reproductive, immune/lymphatic

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4
Q

organs

A

each has a specific function; cells (building blocks of body) - tissues (group of cells that perform a similar task) - organs (have specific function)- body systems

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5
Q

integumentary system

A

largest organ and system in body is the skin, functions are to protect internal organs from injury, protect body against bacteria, and prevent loss of too much water, also responds to heat, cold, pain, touch, and pressure, and regulates body temperature

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6
Q

dilate

A

when blood vessels widen when outside temp is too high, which brings more blood to the surface to cool it off

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7
Q

constrict

A

when blood vessels narrow, when outside temp is too cold, to restrict amt of blood reaching skin, so the blood vessels help body retain heat

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8
Q

dermis of skin

A

contains capillaries, nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair roots, where hair grows from

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9
Q

epidermis of skin

A

has no blood vessels and only a few nerve endings, contains both dead and living cells, contains pigment cells that give skin its color

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10
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

made up of muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage, functions: to give body shape and structure, to allow body to move, to protect body organs, to maintain posture, and to produce heat

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11
Q

muscle atrophy

A

when muscle wastes away, decreases in size,a nd becomes weak

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12
Q

muscle contracture

A

when muscle or tendon shortens, becomes inflexible, and freezes in position

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13
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system, which is composed of brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system, deals with periphery of the body via the nerves that extend throughout the body

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15
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid, fluid that circulates around brain and spinal cord to provide a cushion against injury

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16
Q

brain

A

has 3 main sections, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, with outer layer of cerebrum is cerebral cortex

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17
Q

cerebral cortex

A

part of brain in which thinking, analysis, association of ideas, judgment, emotions, and memory occur. also directs speech and emotions, interprets messages from eyes ears nose tongue skin and controls voluntary muscle movement

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18
Q

cerebrum

A

divided into right and left hemispheres

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19
Q

right hemisphere

A

controls movement and function in left side of the body so any illness/injury to right hemisphere affects left side

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20
Q

left hemisphere

A

controls movement and function in the right side of the body so any illness/injury to left hemisphere affects right side

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21
Q

cerebellum

A

controls balance and regulates body’s voluntary muscles, produces and coordinates smooth movements,

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22
Q

brainstem

A

connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord, is a regulatory center, controls HR, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, and closing/opening of blood vessels

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23
Q

nervous system

A

functions are to control and coordinate all body functions and to sense, interpret, and respond to changes occurring both inside and outside human body

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24
Q

sense organs

A

eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, part of CNS bc they contain receptors that receive impulses from environment that they relate impulses to nerves

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25
Q

sclera

A

outer part of eye, appears white except in front where it is called the cornea

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26
Q

cornea

A

clear outer layer of eye, but appears colored bc it lies over the iris

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27
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye

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28
Q

pupil

A

black circle in center of iris that widens or narrows to adjust the amt of light that enters the eye

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29
Q

retina

A

at back of eye that contains cells that respond to light and send a message to the brain where the picture is interpreted so a person can see

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30
Q

ear

A

provides balance and hearing, divided into 3 parts, outer middle and inner ear

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31
Q

outer ear

A

funnel-shaped part called auricle or pinna that guides sound waves into auditory canal,

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32
Q

auditory canal

A

contains many glands that secrete earwax

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33
Q

eardrum

A

aka tympanic membrane, separates outer ear from middle ear

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34
Q

middle ear

A

consists of eustachian tube and three ossicles, small bones that amplify sound

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35
Q

ossicles

A

amplify sound and transmit sound to inner ear

36
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear to throat, functions to allow air into middle ear to equalize pressure on TM

37
Q

inner ear

A

contains fluid that carries sound waves from middle ear to auditory nerve, which then transmits the impulse to brain, also contain structures that help in maintaining balance

38
Q

circulatory system

A

made up of heart, blood vessels, and blood, functions are to supply food, oxygen, and hormones to cells and ot supply body with infection-fighting blood cells, removes waste products from cells and also helps control body temperature

39
Q

heart

A

is pump of circulatory system and is a muscle, made up of 3 layers, pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium, divided into 4 chambers

40
Q

left atrium and right atrium

A

receives blood

41
Q

left and right ventricle

A

pumps blood

42
Q

systole

A

contracting phase, when ventricles pump blood through blood vessels

43
Q

diastole

A

resting phase, when chambers fill with blood

44
Q

arteries

A

carry oxygen rich blood away from heart

45
Q

capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels that receive blood from arteries, is where nutrients, oxygen, and other substances in blood pass from capillaries to cells, waste products, include CO2 pass from cells into capillaries

46
Q

veins

A

carry blood containing waste products from capillaries back to heart

47
Q

IVC

A

inferior vena cava, carries blood from legs and trunk

48
Q

SVC

A

superior vena cava, carries blood from head and arms and neck

49
Q

blood

A

made up of 3 types of blood cells and plasma, RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)

50
Q

erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen from lungs to all parts of body, produced by bone marrow (substance found inside hollow bones), iron found in bone marrow and RBCs

51
Q

leukocytes

A

defend body against foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses, produced by bone marrow, spleen and thymus gland

52
Q

thrombocytes

A

cause blood to clot, preventing excess bleeding, also produced in bone marrow

53
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood, made up of mostly water and carries many substances, including blood cells, nutrients, and waste products

54
Q

respiration

A

body taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, air - nose/mouth - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - capillaries - where CO2 and O2 are exchanged, then oxygenated blood circulate through capillaries and venules (small veins)-pulmonary vein and into left atrium,

55
Q

pleura

A

membrane with two layers that covers each lung, one is attached to chest wall, other is attached to surface of lung, b/w two layers is a thin fluid that lubricates the layers, preventing them from rubbing together during breathing

56
Q

respiratory system

A

functions are to bring oxygen into body and to eliminate carbon dioxide produced as body uses oxygen

57
Q

urinary system

A

composed of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, single urethra, and a meatus; has 2 important functions, through urine, to eliminate waste products created by cells and also maintains water balance in body

58
Q

gastrointestinal system

A

made up of GI tract and accessory digestive organs;

59
Q

GI tract

A

extends from mouth to anus, food passes from mouth-pharynx-esophagus-stomach-smallintestine-largeintestine-anus (as stool), functions are digestion, absorption, and elimination

60
Q

accessory organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

61
Q

peristalsis

A

muscles of esophagus then move food into stomach through involuntary contractions

62
Q

digestion

A

process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells

63
Q

absorption

A

transfer of nutrients from intestines to cells

64
Q

elimination

A

process of expelling wastes (made up of waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into cells

65
Q

endocrine system

A

made up of glands in different areas of the body

66
Q

glands

A

organs that produce and secrete hormones, functions are to maintain homeostasis through hormone secretion, influence growth and development, maintain BS levels, regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in body, also regulates body’s ability to reproduce and determines how fasts metabolize

67
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions, carried in blood to various organs

68
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland, located behind eyes/at base of brain, secretes key hormones that causes other glands to produce other hormones

69
Q

growth hormone

A

regulates growth and development

70
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH, controls balance of fluids in body

71
Q

oxytocin

A

causes uterus to contract during and after childbirth

72
Q

thyroid gland

A

regulated by pituitary gland, located in neck, in front of larynx, produces thyroid hormone which regulates metabolism, burning of food for heat and energy

73
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secrete hormone that regulates body’s use of calcium, nerves and muscles require calcium to run smoothly, defiency of this hormone can cause severe muscle contracts and spasms

74
Q

pancreas

A

secretes insulin, which works to move glucose from blood into cells for energy

75
Q

adrenal glands

A

in kidneys, that produce hormones important to life bc they regulate carb metabloism, also control bodys rxn to stress and regulate salt and water absorption in kidneys, also produce adrenaline (regulates muscle power, HR, BP,e nergy levels during stressful situations or emergencies

76
Q

gonads

A

sex glands, produces hormone that regulates body’s ability to reproduce, testes produce testosterone, ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone

77
Q

testes

A

the male gonads; located in the scrotum, and produces sperm and testosterone; sperm travels from testes -epididymis - vas deferens - seminal vesicle (where semen is produced and carries sperm) - ejaculatory ducts - prostate gland - urethra - penis

78
Q

ovaries

A

the female gonads; located on each side of the uterus , and produces ovum and estrogen/progesterone; ovary - fallopian tube - uterus - cervix - vagina

79
Q

reproductive system

A

function is to manufacture sperm and testosterone in males and manufactures ova and estrogen/progesterone in females; also provides an environment for the development of a fetus and produces milk for nourishment of baby after birth

80
Q

nonspecific immunity

A

protects body from disease in general, through anatomic barriers (skin, MM, saliva, tears, mucous secretions), physiologic barriers (raising body temp fever to kill off invaders) acidity of certain organs like stomach), or inflammatory responses (inflammation, swelling, which indicates that the body has sent extra dz fighting cells and extra blood to infected area to fight infection)

81
Q

specific immunity

A

protects against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time, to protect against specific dz the body makes diff types of cells that fight a range of diff invaders, once invader eliminated, immune system makes antibodies, which are carried in cells and will prevent dz from threatening body second time

82
Q

acquired immunity

A

type of specific immunity, and acquires it either by fighting an infection or by vaccination

83
Q

lymphatic system

A

removes excess fluids and waste products from body’s tissues, helps immune system fight infection, closely related to immune and circulatory systems, consists of lymph vessels and lymph capillaries in which a fluid called lymph circulates, has no pump, circulated by muscle activity, massage, and breathing

84
Q

lymph

A

clear yellowish fluid that carries disease fighting cells called lymphocytes

85
Q

lymph nodes

A

located in neck groin, and armpits, swelling may occur in lymph nodes when body is fighting an infection; filters out germs and waste products carried from tissues by lymph fluid, after lymph fluid has been purified it flows into bloodstream

86
Q

immune/lymphatic system

A

functions to protect body against disease causing bacteria, viruses, and microbes and to remove excess fluids and waste products from body’s tissues

cna (24 decks)

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