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HISTOLOGY > EPITHELIUM > Flashcards

EPITHELIUM Flashcards

1
Q

four basic types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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2
Q

Most organs can be divided into __________, which is composed of the cells responsible for the organ’s specialized functions

A

parenchyma

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3
Q

what is stroma?

A

cells of which have a supporting role in the organ; always CT except in brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are possible shapes of epithelial cells?

A

columnar, cuboidal, squamous; c ells size and morphology are generally dictated by their function

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5
Q

What is lamina propria

A

the connective tissue that underlies the epithelia lining the organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems

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6
Q

what is papillae?

A

area of contact between the epithelium and connective tissue maybe increased by irregularities at the interface in the form of small evaginations; occur most frequently in epithelial tissues subject to friction (skin and tongue)

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7
Q

what is Basal Pole/ domaine

A

region of the cell contacting the connective tissue

have specializations include the basal lamina, plasma membrane infoldings, and hemidesmosomes

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8
Q

what is Apical Pole

A

the opposite end of the basal pole, usually facing a space.

Rich in: ion channels, carrier proteins, glycoproteins, and hydrolytic enzymes, and aquaporins

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9
Q

what is lateral surfaces

A

regions of cuboidal or columnar cells that adjoin the neighboring cells

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10
Q

Basement membrane

A

All epithelial cells in contact with subjacent connective tissue have at their basal surfaces a specialized, feltlike sheet of extracellular material referred to as this

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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

All epithelial cells in contact with subjacent connective tissue have at their basal surfaces a specialized, feltlike sheet of extracellular material referred to as this It has two parts: basal lamina and reticular lamina

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12
Q

What is epitelial tissues?

A

Are cells which cover surfaces, line body cavities or form glands

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13
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Cells that produe an extracellular matrix and serve to link or support other specialized tissues by forming tendons, bone or fatty tissue.

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14
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Cells that produe an extracellular matrix and serve to link or support other specialized tissues by forming tendons, bone or fatty tissue.

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15
Q

reticular lamina

A

layer beneath the basal lamina, this one is more fibrous than basal lamina contains Type III collagen bound by anchoring fibrils of type VII collagen (produced by connective tissue)

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16
Q

Laminin

A

large glycoproteins that self assemble as a lacelike network immediately below the cells’ basal poles where they are held in place by the transmembrane integrins

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17
Q

The macromolecules in the basal lamina come from the _______

A

epithelial tissues

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18
Q

The molecules in the basal lamina are:

A

Type IV collagen laminin nodigen and perlecan

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19
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection Transcellular transport Secretion Absoption Selective permeability Detection of sensations

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20
Q

Identify the type of cell in the image

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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21
Q

Identify the type of cell in the image

A

simple squamous epithelium

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22
Q

Identify the type of cell in the image

A

simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  1. infiltration
  2. diffusion- lungs
  3. transport- cardiovascular system
  4. secretion
  5. reduction of friction - peritoneal cavity
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24
Q

Types of simple squamous epithelium:

A

endothelium

mesothelium

endocardium

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25
Q

type of epithelial lining found in blood and lymphatic vessels which form a semipermeable barrier between blood and lymphatic vessels. It can secrete factors for roles.

A

endothelium

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26
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

The mesothelium is the epithelium that lines the wall and covers the contents of the closed cavities of the body

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27
Q

Epithelial lining of ventricles and atria of the hear

A

Endocardium

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28
Q

Simple Epithelia

A

contain one cell layer; cell shape classification: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

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29
Q

Stratified Squamous Nonkeratinized Epithelium

A

Lines wet cavities (mouth, esophagus, and vagina) where water loss is not a problem; the flattened cells of the surface layer contain much less keratin, retaining their nuclei and metabolic function

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30
Q

Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium

A
  • epithelium that gives more protection
  • Layers of cells composing the free surface are dead, non nucleated, filled with keratin.

Ex. skin

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31
Q

Stratified squamous parakeratinized epithelium

A

Very similar to keratinized but many cells at the surface retain thei nuclei

Ex. hard palate and gingiva

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32
Q

Identify the type of epithelium cell in the image and its functions

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

This cells present a centrally placed nucleus. They made uo ducts of many glands of the body, covering the ovary, composed many kidney tubules.

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33
Q

Identify the type of epithelium and describe

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

contains only two layers of cuboidal cells, lines the duct of cellsof glands

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34
Q

this epithelium are usually specialized for absorption, with apical cilia or microvilvi

A

simple columnar epithelium

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35
Q

identify type of epithelium and explain

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

Can be found in the conjunctiva lining the eyelids where is it both protective and mucus secreting. Large ducts in glands.

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36
Q

Identify epithelium and describe

A

Transitional epitehlium

Its compsed of layers of cells that are either squamous or cuboidal. Its located EXCLUSIVELY in the urinary system

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37
Q

The polarity of the cell are determined

A

by the properties of each domain (apical, basal, basolateral surface of cell) , which are determined by specific lipids and integral membrane proteins

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38
Q

examples of Modifications on apical surface

A

microvilli, stereocilia and flagella

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39
Q

Lateral domain or pole

A

Lateral side of the cell and has structures link the lindividual cells together into a functional unit

Junctional complexes

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

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40
Q

What are CAMs?

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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41
Q

What is the CAM’s function?

A
  1. control and regulate diverse intracellular processes
  2. Cell adhesion
  3. cell proliferation
  4. cell migration
  5. intercellular communications
  6. cell recognition
  7. regulation of intercellular diffusion barrier
  8. generation of inmune responses
  9. apoptosis
42
Q

Types of cell juntions/junctional complexes:

A
  1. occluding junctions
  2. anchoring junctions
  3. communicating junctions
43
Q

Name the type of junction and function

A

Tight junctions/ occluding junction

mostly apical

  • prevents diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells
  • prevents lateral migration of specialized cell memebrane proteins
44
Q

How the small bowel prevents macromolecules from passing the cells?

A

Tight junctions in epithelial cells lining

45
Q

Trasmembrane protein responsible for seal between cells:

A

occludin and claudin, makes sure substances go THROUGH the membrane and not between them

46
Q

Transmembrane proteins in tight junctions:

A
  1. occludings
  2. claudins
  3. nectins
  4. junctional adhesive molecules (JAMs)
47
Q

Identify ZO1, ZO2, ZO3, actin, claudin. occludin, and JAM

A
48
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

A

provide mechanical stability to epithelial cells so that they can function as a cohesive unit

49
Q

What are the types of anchoring junctions?

A
  1. adherens junctions
  2. desmosome
  3. hemodesmosome
50
Q

Adherent junction/ zonula adherens

A

LOCATION: located basal to zonulae occludentes

FUNCTION: joins cell membranes and links cytoskeleton of two cells via transmembrane linker proteins

51
Q

Which proteins are important for adherens junctions?

A

cadherins y catenins

52
Q

cadherin

A

transmembrane glycoproteins of each cell that interact in the presence of Ca2+

53
Q

catenin

A

protein to whom cytoplasmic cadherins binds, these link to actin filaments (cytoskeleton) with actin binding proteins

54
Q

How actine filaments of adjacent cells are attached?

A

are attached by e-cadherine- catenine complex by actinin and vinculin

55
Q

What are desmosomes or macula adherens?

A

resembles a single spot weld and does not form a belt around the cell; are discshaped structures at the surface of one cell that are matched

with identical structures at an adjacent cell surface.

56
Q

Epithelial desmosomes attach to —

A

cable like filaments of cytokeratin

57
Q

What type of cadherins are found in desmosomes?

A

desmogleins and desmocollins

58
Q

How desmosomes anchore the cell?

A

cytoplasmic part of proteins Desmogleins and desmocollins bind to plakoglobins, these link desmoplakina. Desmoplakins bind to intermediate filaments rather than actin.

59
Q

Type of communication junction

A

gap junction

60
Q

Name cell junctions

A
61
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

cell structures that permit direct passage of signaling molecules, small molecules, from one to another

62
Q

Explain gap junction structure

A

six closely packed transmembrane channel-forming proteins (connexins) that assember form channel structures called connexons (hemochannels)

Two connexons, one in each cell form the gap junction

63
Q

_____ attach the basal cellmembrane to the underlying basal lamina; they have strong adhesive properties

A
64
Q

type of hemisdosome found in stratified squamous and pseudostratified epithelium

A

Type 1

65
Q

How hemidesmosomes commit adhesion?

A

The half desmosome , structurally, the integrins are the ones which binds to intermediate filaments. Integrins bind primarily to laminin in basal lamina.

66
Q

Which type of hemisdosomes are present in plama membranes of simple columnar epithelial lining of small and large intestines?

A

Type 2

67
Q

Proteins present in type 2 hemidesmosomas

A

plectin, filamentos de keratina y integrinas

68
Q

Proteins present in type1 hemidesmosomas

A

integrina, tonofilamentos, plakin proteins, erbin and CD151

69
Q

microvilli

A

in epithelial cells specialized for absorption, the apical surfaces present an array of projections

(it looks like a brush)

70
Q

brush or striated border

A

apical surfaces are densely covered with uniform microvilli

71
Q

stereocilia

A

restricted to absorptive epithetlial cells lining the the epididymis and the proximal part of ductus deferens in the male reproductive system and on the sensory hair cells of the cochlea (inner ear)

72
Q

cilia

A

long projecting structures, larger than microvilli, which contain internal array sof microtubules. most cell types have at least one cilium of variable length usually called a primary cilium which is not motile but is enriched with receptors and signal transduction complexes for detection of light, odors, motion, and flow of liquid past the cells

73
Q

what is the assembly of each cilium

A

9 doubles form an array around two central microtubules

74
Q

what the 9+2 assembly of microtubules is called, cilia?

A

axoneme

75
Q

relatively weak and transcient attachments in the basal cell membranes of epithelial cells are called ____

A

focal adhesion

76
Q

Focal adhesion structures

A

Although resembling hemidesmosomes superficially, focal adhesions are smaller, more numerous, and consist of integrins linked indirectly to bundled actin filaments

77
Q

integrins of focal adhesions are also linked _______________

A

via paxillin to focal adhesion kinase

78
Q

What is focal adhesion kinase?

A

signaling protein which upon integrin binding to laminin or other specific ECM proteins initiates a cascade of intracellular protein phosphorylation affecting cell adhesion, mobility, and gene expression.

79
Q

Are formed by clusters of α and β integrins that form weak interactions with laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin molecules of the basal lamina.

A

Focal Adhesion

80
Q

The 9 +2 arrangement of cillia is made of —–, whereas arms composed of the protein ——.

A

The 9 +2 arrangement of cillia is made of -microtubules-, whereas arms composed of the protein -dynein-

81
Q

IDENTIFY PARTS AND WHAT IT IS

A

axonema

82
Q

Kartagener syndrome

A

results from hereditary defects in the ciliary dynein that would normally provide the energy for ciliary bending

It can cause:

Lung infections.•Immotile sperm

83
Q
A
84
Q

Structure of Microvillus

A

Each microvillus contains a core of 25 to 30 actin filament bundle, cross-linked to each other by a number of actin-binding proteins, such asespin,fascin,villin, andfimbrin

85
Q

What is the function of the terminal web?

A

Provides support and give rigidity to the microvilli

86
Q

What is the terminal web?

A

Is a complex of actin and spectrin molecules as well as intermediate filaments located at the cortex of the epithelial cells.

87
Q

Structure of stereocilia

A

Are supported by internal bundles of actin filaments that are cross linked by fimbrin and espin

ezrin: anchors the actin filament to the plasma membrane

88
Q

Identify structure

A

erzin

fimbrin

erzin

actin filament

89
Q

Identify type of epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

90
Q

Identify the epithelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium

91
Q

Identify the epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium

92
Q

Identify epithelium

A

Pseudostratified epithelium,

93
Q

identify epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium

94
Q

identify epithelium

A

stratified columnar cells

95
Q

identify epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

96
Q

identify epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

97
Q

identify epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium

98
Q

identify the epithelium

A

squamous non keratinized

99
Q

identify the epithelium

A

transitional epithelium

100
Q

identify the epithelium

A

HISTOLOGY (7 decks)

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