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HISTOLOGY > INTRO TO HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRO TO HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

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2
Q

WHAT IS Osmic acid, osmium tetroxide AND FOR WHAT IS USED?

A

ITS USED FOR LIPIDS IN GENERAL STAIN BLACK

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3
Q

Two Components of Tissues

A

Cells and Extracellular Matrix

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4
Q

Fixation

A

Small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that preserve by cross-linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes.

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5
Q

what are some examples of solutions for fixation?

A

Neutral buffered formalin and bouin fluid

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6
Q

Dehydration

A

Tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions, ending in 100%, which removes all water. Removing water allows us to see

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7
Q

Clearing

A

Alcohol is removed in xylene in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible

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8
Q

Infiltration

A

The tissue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely saturated with this substance

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9
Q

Embedding

A

The paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden. If its going to be seen in EM it has to be resin instead of paraffin

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10
Q

Microtome

A

An instrument used to slice embedded tissues for light microscopy, 5-10micrometers

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11
Q

How dyes stain tissues?

A

more or less selectively behaving like acids or bases, forming puentes de sales electroestaticos.

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12
Q

what is the most common dye used?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin

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13
Q

How long could take a tissue prep?

A

It can take from 12 hrs to 2 days.

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14
Q

basophilic components

A

Cell components, such as nucleic acids, that have a net negative charge (anionic) and stain more readily with basic dyes

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15
Q

WHAT ELEMENTS DISPLAY BASOPHILIA? (BASIC LOVING)

A

HETEROCHROMATIN NUCLEI CYTOPLASMIC COMPONENTS- IONIZED PHOSPHATE IN RIBOSOMAL RNA EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS LIKE COMPLEX CARBS

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16
Q

WHAT ARE Acidophilic components?

A

Cationic cell components, such as proteins with many ionized amino groups, that have an affinity for acidic dyes

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17
Q

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF ACIDIC COMPONENTS?

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS, DNA, SULFATE GROUP AND CARBOXYLIC GROUPS

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18
Q

Basic dyes

A

Tienen carga positiva por lo que se unen a cosas con carga negativa (componentes anionicos)

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19
Q

Ejemplos de basic dyes

A

Toluidine blue, alcian blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin

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20
Q

Acid dyes

A

tienen carga negativa por lo que se unen a cosas con cargas positivas Eosin, orange G, acid fuchsin

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21
Q

WHAT IS ACIDOPHILIA? OR EOSINOFILIA?

A

LIKES ACID DYE

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22
Q

H&E Stain

A

Hematoxylin stains DNA and other acidic structures dark blue or purple, and eosin stains other cytoplasmic components and collagen pink

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23
Q

PAS reaction

A

Periodic acid-Schiff reagent reacts with aldehyde residues on sugars to produce a purple or magenta color; stains polysaccharides and glycoproteins 1. GLYCOGEN 2. MUCUS 3. BASEMENT MEMBRANE 4. RETICULAR FIBERS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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24
Q

Three lenses of a light microscope

A

Condenser, objective lens, eyepiece

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25
Q

what is the maximal resolving power of light microscopy?

A

0.2 micrometers. Smaller than this it cant be seen.

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26
Q

application of fluorescence microscopy

A

antibodies labed with fluorescnet compounds are important for inmunohistologic staining.

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27
Q

Magnification of light microscope

A

Objective lens x Ocular lens

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28
Q

Resolving power

A

The smallest distance between two particles at which they can be seen as separate objects

29
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

Tissue sections are irradiated with UV light, and they emit light in the visible portion of the spectrum

30
Q

types of light microscopy staining

A
  1. ones that differentiate between acidic and basic components of cell 2. specialized stains that differentiate fibrous components 3. metallic salts that precipitate on tissues, creating metal deposits
31
Q

STAINS WITH EOSIN ELASTIN STAINS– CYTOPLASMIC STAINS– MUSCLES-

A

ELASTIN STAINS– GLASSY RED COLLAGEN STAINS- PINK MUSCLES- PINK

32
Q

The Golgi stain is particularly good at revealing

A

NEURONAL FIBERS

33
Q

Toluidine blue stain

A

A BASIC METACHROMATIC DYE WITH HIGH AFFINITY FOR ACIDIC TISSUE COMPONENTS

34
Q

MASSON STAIN IS USED FOR…

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE NUCLEI AND OTHER BASIC LIKING ARE STAINED RED

35
Q

Phase- contrast microscopy

A

Uses a lens system that produces visible images from transparent objects, and, importantly, can be used with living, cultured cells; based on principle of differential refractive indices darker or larger in relation to each other

36
Q

WHAT COLOR COLLAGEN STAINS WITH MASSON STAIN?

A

GREEN OR BLUE

37
Q

DESCRIBE WRIGHT/ GIEMA STAIN

A

ITS USED TO IDENTIFY TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS.

38
Q

WHAT COLOR ERYTHROCYTES STAIN WITH GIEMSA DYE?

A

PINK

39
Q

WHAT COLOR PLATELETS STAINS WITH GIEMSA DYE?

A

LIGHT BLUE

40
Q

Differential interference microscopy

A

Uses Nomarski optics, produces images of living cells with a more apparent 3D aspect

41
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

Achieves high resolution and sharp focus by using a small pinpoint of high-intensity light and a plate with a pinhole aperture in front of the image detector

42
Q

Polarizing microscopy

A

Allows the recognition of stained or unstained structures made of highly organized subunits; the oriented macromolecules rotate the axis of light between two polarizers like collagen, cellulose, actin, microtubules

43
Q

Birefringence

A

The ability to rotate the direction of vibration of polarized light; a feature of crystalline substances or highly oriented molecules such as cellulose, collagen, micro tubules, and actin filaments

44
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

Permits resolution around 3 nm; creates a greyscale image where the shade depends on whether electrons readily passed through the sample (brighter) or whether they were absorbed or deflected (darker). Cut with diamonds

45
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

Provides high resolution view of the surfaces of cells, tissues, and organs; surface of specimen is dried and sprayed with very fine coating of heavy metal ( gold) that deflects the electron beam; black and white image

46
Q

Autoradiography

A

A method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein, glycoproteins, polysaccharides) in cells or tissue sections; radiolabeled molecules react with AgBr crystals to produce dark spots in images

47
Q

Enzyme Histochemistry

A

A method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures

48
Q

Phalloidin

A

Interacts strongly with actin

49
Q

Protein A

A

Binds to immunoglobulin molecules and can be used to locate naturally occurring or applied antibodies bound to cell structures

50
Q

Lectins

A

Proteins or glycoproteins that bind to carbohydrates with high affinity and specificity

51
Q

Direct immunocytochemistry

A

Uses an antibody made against the tissue protein of interest and tagged directly with a label

52
Q

Indirect immunocytochemistry

A

Uses a primary antibody made against the protein of interest and a labeled secondary antibody made in another species against the primary antibody

53
Q

In situ hybridization (ISH)

A

Labeled cDNA that is complementary to a specific gene or nuclei acid sequence of interest is applied to a sample and the complementary sequences hybridize into double stranded nucleic acid

54
Q

glycogen

A

free polysaccharide in animal cells

55
Q

glycoprotein

A

have carbohydrate group attached to polypeptide chain. has short branched chains of sugars (oligosaccharides).

56
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

(GAGs) anionic unbranched long-chain polysaccharides containing aminated sugars.

57
Q

proteoglycans

A

a compound consisting of a protein bonded to glycosaminoglycan groups, present especially in connective tissue.

58
Q

enzyme digestion

A

pretreatment of a tissue section with an enzyme that specifically digests one substrate

59
Q

counterstain

A

single stain that is applied separately to allow better recognition of nuclei and other structures

60
Q

metal impregnation techniques

A

using silver slats solutions to visualize certain ECM fibers and specific cellular elements in nervous tissue

61
Q

Cryofracture (freeze etching)

A

techniques that allow TEM study of cells without fixation or embedding.

62
Q

primary cell culture

A

came straight from the organism

63
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

highly specific interaction between molecules between antigen and antibodies.

64
Q

What are antibodies?

A

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

65
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

66
Q

What are polyclonal antibodies?

A

different groups of lymphocytes in the injected animal recognize different parts of protein x and each clone produces an antibody against that part. each capable of binding a different region of protein x .

67
Q

What are monoclonal antibody

A

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope.

68
Q

what is hybridization

A

the specific binding between two single strands of nucleic acid, which occurs under appropriate conditions if the strands are complementary.

69
Q

what are artifacts

A

spaces and precipitates that are not normally present in the living tissue and must be recognized

HISTOLOGY (7 decks)

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