INTRO TO HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

WHAT IS Osmic acid, osmium tetroxide AND FOR WHAT IS USED?

A

ITS USED FOR LIPIDS IN GENERAL STAIN BLACK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two Components of Tissues

A

Cells and Extracellular Matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fixation

A

Small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that preserve by cross-linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some examples of solutions for fixation?

A

Neutral buffered formalin and bouin fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dehydration

A

Tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions, ending in 100%, which removes all water. Removing water allows us to see

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Clearing

A

Alcohol is removed in xylene in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infiltration

A

The tissue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely saturated with this substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Embedding

A

The paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden. If its going to be seen in EM it has to be resin instead of paraffin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Microtome

A

An instrument used to slice embedded tissues for light microscopy, 5-10micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How dyes stain tissues?

A

more or less selectively behaving like acids or bases, forming puentes de sales electroestaticos.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the most common dye used?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long could take a tissue prep?

A

It can take from 12 hrs to 2 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

basophilic components

A

Cell components, such as nucleic acids, that have a net negative charge (anionic) and stain more readily with basic dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

WHAT ELEMENTS DISPLAY BASOPHILIA? (BASIC LOVING)

A

HETEROCHROMATIN NUCLEI CYTOPLASMIC COMPONENTS- IONIZED PHOSPHATE IN RIBOSOMAL RNA EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS LIKE COMPLEX CARBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

WHAT ARE Acidophilic components?

A

Cationic cell components, such as proteins with many ionized amino groups, that have an affinity for acidic dyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF ACIDIC COMPONENTS?

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS, DNA, SULFATE GROUP AND CARBOXYLIC GROUPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Basic dyes

A

Tienen carga positiva por lo que se unen a cosas con carga negativa (componentes anionicos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ejemplos de basic dyes

A

Toluidine blue, alcian blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acid dyes

A

tienen carga negativa por lo que se unen a cosas con cargas positivas Eosin, orange G, acid fuchsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WHAT IS ACIDOPHILIA? OR EOSINOFILIA?

A

LIKES ACID DYE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

H&E Stain

A

Hematoxylin stains DNA and other acidic structures dark blue or purple, and eosin stains other cytoplasmic components and collagen pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PAS reaction

A

Periodic acid-Schiff reagent reacts with aldehyde residues on sugars to produce a purple or magenta color; stains polysaccharides and glycoproteins 1. GLYCOGEN 2. MUCUS 3. BASEMENT MEMBRANE 4. RETICULAR FIBERS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Three lenses of a light microscope

A

Condenser, objective lens, eyepiece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the maximal resolving power of light microscopy?

A

0.2 micrometers. Smaller than this it cant be seen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

application of fluorescence microscopy

A

antibodies labed with fluorescnet compounds are important for inmunohistologic staining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Magnification of light microscope

A

Objective lens x Ocular lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Resolving power

A

The smallest distance between two particles at which they can be seen as separate objects

29
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

Tissue sections are irradiated with UV light, and they emit light in the visible portion of the spectrum

30
Q

types of light microscopy staining

A
  1. ones that differentiate between acidic and basic components of cell 2. specialized stains that differentiate fibrous components 3. metallic salts that precipitate on tissues, creating metal deposits
31
Q

STAINS WITH EOSIN ELASTIN STAINS– CYTOPLASMIC STAINS– MUSCLES-

A

ELASTIN STAINS– GLASSY RED COLLAGEN STAINS- PINK MUSCLES- PINK

32
Q

The Golgi stain is particularly good at revealing

A

NEURONAL FIBERS

33
Q

Toluidine blue stain

A

A BASIC METACHROMATIC DYE WITH HIGH AFFINITY FOR ACIDIC TISSUE COMPONENTS

34
Q

MASSON STAIN IS USED FOR…

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE NUCLEI AND OTHER BASIC LIKING ARE STAINED RED

35
Q

Phase- contrast microscopy

A

Uses a lens system that produces visible images from transparent objects, and, importantly, can be used with living, cultured cells; based on principle of differential refractive indices darker or larger in relation to each other

36
Q

WHAT COLOR COLLAGEN STAINS WITH MASSON STAIN?

A

GREEN OR BLUE

37
Q

DESCRIBE WRIGHT/ GIEMA STAIN

A

ITS USED TO IDENTIFY TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS.

38
Q

WHAT COLOR ERYTHROCYTES STAIN WITH GIEMSA DYE?

A

PINK

39
Q

WHAT COLOR PLATELETS STAINS WITH GIEMSA DYE?

A

LIGHT BLUE

40
Q

Differential interference microscopy

A

Uses Nomarski optics, produces images of living cells with a more apparent 3D aspect

41
Q

Confocal microscopy

A

Achieves high resolution and sharp focus by using a small pinpoint of high-intensity light and a plate with a pinhole aperture in front of the image detector

42
Q

Polarizing microscopy

A

Allows the recognition of stained or unstained structures made of highly organized subunits; the oriented macromolecules rotate the axis of light between two polarizers like collagen, cellulose, actin, microtubules

43
Q

Birefringence

A

The ability to rotate the direction of vibration of polarized light; a feature of crystalline substances or highly oriented molecules such as cellulose, collagen, micro tubules, and actin filaments

44
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

Permits resolution around 3 nm; creates a greyscale image where the shade depends on whether electrons readily passed through the sample (brighter) or whether they were absorbed or deflected (darker). Cut with diamonds

45
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A

Provides high resolution view of the surfaces of cells, tissues, and organs; surface of specimen is dried and sprayed with very fine coating of heavy metal ( gold) that deflects the electron beam; black and white image

46
Q

Autoradiography

A

A method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein, glycoproteins, polysaccharides) in cells or tissue sections; radiolabeled molecules react with AgBr crystals to produce dark spots in images

47
Q

Enzyme Histochemistry

A

A method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures

48
Q

Phalloidin

A

Interacts strongly with actin

49
Q

Protein A

A

Binds to immunoglobulin molecules and can be used to locate naturally occurring or applied antibodies bound to cell structures

50
Q

Lectins

A

Proteins or glycoproteins that bind to carbohydrates with high affinity and specificity

51
Q

Direct immunocytochemistry

A

Uses an antibody made against the tissue protein of interest and tagged directly with a label

52
Q

Indirect immunocytochemistry

A

Uses a primary antibody made against the protein of interest and a labeled secondary antibody made in another species against the primary antibody

53
Q

In situ hybridization (ISH)

A

Labeled cDNA that is complementary to a specific gene or nuclei acid sequence of interest is applied to a sample and the complementary sequences hybridize into double stranded nucleic acid

54
Q

glycogen

A

free polysaccharide in animal cells

55
Q

glycoprotein

A

have carbohydrate group attached to polypeptide chain. has short branched chains of sugars (oligosaccharides).

56
Q

glycosaminoglycans

A

(GAGs) anionic unbranched long-chain polysaccharides containing aminated sugars.

57
Q

proteoglycans

A

a compound consisting of a protein bonded to glycosaminoglycan groups, present especially in connective tissue.

58
Q

enzyme digestion

A

pretreatment of a tissue section with an enzyme that specifically digests one substrate

59
Q

counterstain

A

single stain that is applied separately to allow better recognition of nuclei and other structures

60
Q

metal impregnation techniques

A

using silver slats solutions to visualize certain ECM fibers and specific cellular elements in nervous tissue

61
Q

Cryofracture (freeze etching)

A

techniques that allow TEM study of cells without fixation or embedding.

62
Q

primary cell culture

A

came straight from the organism

63
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

highly specific interaction between molecules between antigen and antibodies.

64
Q

What are antibodies?

A

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

65
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

66
Q

What are polyclonal antibodies?

A

different groups of lymphocytes in the injected animal recognize different parts of protein x and each clone produces an antibody against that part. each capable of binding a different region of protein x .

67
Q

What are monoclonal antibody

A

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope.

68
Q

what is hybridization

A

the specific binding between two single strands of nucleic acid, which occurs under appropriate conditions if the strands are complementary.

69
Q

what are artifacts

A

spaces and precipitates that are not normally present in the living tissue and must be recognized