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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter8 > Flashcards

Chapter8 Flashcards

1
Q
  • synathroses_ —immovable
  • amphiarthroses —slightly movable
  • diarthroses —freely movable
A

functional classification of joints

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2
Q
  • fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • synovial
A

strutural classifications of joints

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3
Q
  1. Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
  2. No joint cavity
  3. Most are synathrotic (immovable)

Three types:

  • Sutures
  • syndesmoses_
  • gomphoses
A

fibrous joints

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4
Q
  • Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective_ tissue fibers
  • Allow for growth during youth
  • In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses
A

fibrous joints :sutures

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5
Q
  • Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)
  • movement varies from immovable to slightly movable

Examples:

  • synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint
  • diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna
A

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses

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6
Q
  • Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
  • Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
A

Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses

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7
Q
  1. Bones united by cartilage
  2. No joint_ cavity

Two types:

  • Synchondroses
  • Symphyses
A

Cartilaginous Joints

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8
Q

A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
All are synarthrotic

[ex. joint btw first rib and sternum]

A

Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

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9
Q
  • hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
  • strong, flexible amphiarthroses

[Ex.pubic symphysis]

A

Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses

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10
Q
  • All are diarthrotic
  • Include all limb joints; most joints of the body

Features:

  1. articular cartilage:hyaline cartilage
  2. joint(synovial)cavity: small potential space
  3. articular(joint) capsule:
    • outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
    • inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
A

synovial joints

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11
Q
  • capsular(intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
  • Extracapsular—outside the capsule
  • Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
A

in Synovial Joints the Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments:

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12
Q

components of synovial joint

A
  • ligament
  • joint cavity containing synovial fluid
  • articular capsul with fibrous layer and synovial membrane
  • periosteum
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13
Q
  • flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
  • Contain synovial fluid
  • Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments , muscles, skin, tendons , or bones rub together
A

bursae

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14
Q

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

A

tendon sheath (friction reducing structure of synovial joint)

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15
Q
  • Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
  • Ligament number and location (limited role)
  • Muscle tone , which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut_
  • Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot
A

Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints

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16
Q
  • Muscle attachments across a joint:
  • origin_—attachment to the immovable bone
  • insertion_—attachment to the movable bone
  • Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin
  • movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
A

synovial joints: Movement

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17
Q
  • nonaxial_—slipping movements only (tarsals)
  • Uniaxial —movement in one plane
  • biaxial—movement in two planes
  • Multiaxial —movement in or around all three planes
A

Synovial Joints: Range of Motion

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18
Q

occurs when one flat, orn early flat, bone surface slips over another (back and forth and side to side without rotation)

Ex. intercarpal joints, btw articular processes of vertebrae

A

gliding

19
Q

increase or decrease the angle btw 2 bones

A

angular movements

  • flexion-decrease angle
  • extension- increase angle
  • hyperextension
  • abduction- moving toward body midline
  • adduction- moving away from body
  • circumduction- moving a limb describing cone in space
20
Q
  • turning of a bone around its own long axis
  • only movement allowed btw first 2 cervical vertebraeand common at hip and shoulder joints
A

rotation

21
Q
  • supination, pronation
  • Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot
  • inversion, eversion
  • Protraction, retraction_
  • elevation, depression
  • opposition
A

special movments

22
Q

turing backward/ turning forward

[ex. rotating forearm laterally so palm face anteriorly]

A

supination/pronation

23
Q

lifting and pointing movements of the foot at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

24
Q

special movements of the foot where sole of the foot turns medially or laterally

A

inversion/ eversion

25
Q

lifting a body part superiorly or moving the elevated part inferiorly

A

elevation/ depression

ex. during chewing the mandible

26
Q
  • nonaxial
  • Hinge
  • pivot
  • Condyloid
  • saddle
  • Ball and socket
A

6 types of synovial joints, based on articular surfaces

27
Q
  • nonaxial joints
  • Flat articular surfaces
  • Short gliding movements

ex. intercarpal joint (nonaxial movement)

A

plane joints

28
Q
  • uniaxial joints
  • Motion along a single plane
  • flexion and extension only

ex. elbow joint

A

hinge joints

29
Q
  • rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone
  • uniaxial movement only
A

pivot joints

30
Q
  • biaxial joints
  • Both articular surfaces are oval
  • Permit all angular movements

ex. metacarpophalangeal joint, wrist joints

A

condyloid joints

31
Q
  • biaxial
  • Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints
  • Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas

ex. carpometacarpal joint of thumb

A

saddle joint

32
Q
  • multiaxial joints
  • The most freely moving synovial joints

ex.shoulder joint

A

ball and socket joint

33
Q
  • Largest, most complex joint of body
  • Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity:
  • Femoropatellar joint:
  • plane joint
  • Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
  • Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia
  • Allow flexion , extension , and some rotation when knee is partly flexed
A

knee joint

34
Q

tight fit; better flow of fluid around articular surfaces

A

Purpose of menisci

35
Q
  • At least 12 associated bursae
  • capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons:
    • E.g., quadriceps and muscle_ tendons
  • Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly
  • Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to:
    • Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
    • Patellar ligament
  • Capsular and extracapsular ligaments
  • Help prevent hyperextension
  • Intracapsular ligaments:
    • Anterior and posterior _cruciate ligaments
    • Prevent anterior-posterior displacement
A

knee joint

36
Q
  • fibular/tibial collateral ligaments prevent lateral/medial rotation when knee extenses
  • anterior/posterior cruicial ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia and femur and checks hyperextenstion/backward displacement of the knee
  • menisci prevents side to side rocking of the femur on the tibia and asorb shock transmitted to the knee
A

Extracapsular ligaments of knee

37
Q
  • Ball-and-socket joint
  • Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
  • Good range of motion , but limited by the deep socket
  • acetebelar labrum—enhances depth of socket
A

hip(coxal) joint

38
Q
  • illiofemoral ligament-strong v shaped ligament anteriorly
  • Pubofemoral ligament- trangular thickening of teh inferior part of the capsule
  • ischiofemoral ligament-spiraling posterior ligament and “screw: into acetabulum when stood straight
  • ligamentum teres-flate intracapsular band that runs from femur head to lower lip of the acetabulum containing artery helping supply head of femur
A

reinforcing ligaments of hip joint

39
Q
  • The ligaments are stretched or torn
  • partial_ tears slowly repair themselves
  • Complete ruptures require prompt surgical_ repair
A

sprains

40
Q
  • Due to compression and shear stress
  • fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
  • Cartilage rarely repairs itself
  • Repaired with _arthroscopic_ surgery
A

cartilage tears

41
Q
  • Dislocations (_luxations )
    • Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
    • Accompanied by sprains , inflammation, and joint immobililization
    • Caused by serious falls or playing sports
  • Subluxation—partial dislocation of a joint
A

common joint injuries

42
Q
  • An inflammation of a bursa , usually caused by a blow or friction
  • Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, antinflammatory drugs
A

bursitis

43
Q
  • inflmammation of _tendons_ sheaths typically caused by overuse
  • symptions and treatment similar to bursitis
A

tendonitis

44
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (19 decks)

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