Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NAPLEX > Common Conditions of the Eyes & Ears > Flashcards

Common Conditions of the Eyes & Ears Flashcards

1
Q

AD; AS; AU

A

AD= right ear
AS= left ear
AU- each ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

OD, OS, OU

A 
OD= right eye
OS= left eye
OU= each eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1 drop=

A

0.05 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ointments

A

apply to the conjunctival sac or over lid margins (for blepharitis). Ointments can make vision blurry. Do not use with contact lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

gels

A

with caps on, invert and shake once to get the medication into the tip before instilling into the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

glaucoma is…

A

a disease of the eye that results in damage to the optic nerve and loss of the visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In most cases of glaucoma, the intraocular pressure (IOP) is…

A

above the normal range of 12-22 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

IP can be increased from…

A

genetics, age, and medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two main forms of glaucoma include…

A

1) open-angle (most common)

2) closed-angle (sharp, sudden increase in IOP due to a blockage. medical emergency that is treated surgically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Prostaglandin (PG) analogs are used commonly as initial tx for glaucoma.

A

Decrease IOP by ~30%. MOA: increase aqueous humor outflow (move fluid out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ophthalmic beta-blockers (e.g. timolol)…

A

decrease IOP by 22%. Preferred if pressure is high in one eye only. MOA: reduce aqueous humor production (make less fluid).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Drugs that can increase IOP include:

A
  • anticholinergics (e.g. oxybutynin, tolterodine, benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, TCAs)
  • cough, cold and motion sickness meds (e.g antihistamines, scopolamine)
  • chronic steroids, especially eye drops such as prednisolone (Pred Forte)
  • topiramate (Topamax)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prostaglandin analog dosing

A

1 drop QHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prostaglandin analog: warnings & side effects

A

Warnings- ocular effects: darkening of the iris, eyelid skin, and eyelashes; eyelash length and # can increase; contamination of multiple-dose ophthalmic solution can cause bacterial keratitis.
Side effects- Blurred vision, stinging, increased pigmentation of the iris/eyelashes, eyelash growth/thickening, foreign body sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which prostaglandin analogs do not contain BAK (have a different preservative)?

A
  • travoprost (Travatan Z)

- latanoprost (Xelpros).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  • tafluprost (Zioptan)
A

Comes as 10 single-use, preservative-free containers in a foil pouch; discard each container after use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which prostaglandin analogs should be kept in the fridge before opening?

A
  • latanoprost (Xalatan, Xelpros)
  • latanoprostene bunod (Vyzulta)
  • tafluprost (Zioptan)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bimatoprost

A

Lumigan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

latanoprost

A

Xalatan, Xepros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

latanoprost + netarsudil

A

Rocklatan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

travoprost

A

Travatan Z

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

bimatoprost (Latisse)

A

Indicated for eyelash hypotrichosis (inadequate growth of eyelashes) to increase growth; do not use with prostaglandin analogs indicated for glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

timolol 0.25% and 0.5% (Timoptic, Timoptic-XE, Istalol, Timolol GFS, Betimol, Timoptic Ocudose)

A

Timolol: 1 drop daily or BID
Timoptic-XE, Timolol GFS (gels): daily. Counsel to shake once before use; wait 10 min after giving other eye drops before inserting gel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

timolol + dorzolamide

A

Cosopt, Cosopt PF (preservative-free)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

timolol + brimonidine

A

Combigan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

betaxolol (only selective BB). Less likely to cause pulmonary adverse effects in patients with chronic lung disease (ex. asthma/COPD)

A

Betoptic S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

carteolol

A

Ocupress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

levobunolol

A

Betagan

29
Q

BB contraindications & side effects

A

CIs: Sinus bradycardia, heart block > 1st degree (except in patients with a pacemaker); cardiogenic shock; uncompensated cardiac failure; bronchospastic disease
S/Es: burning, stinging, bradycardia/fatigue, bronchospasm with non-selective agents, itching of the eyes or eyelids, changes in vision, increased light sensitivity

30
Q

cholinergics (miotics): carbachol and pilocarpine

A

MOA: increase aqueous humor outflow
S/Es: poor vision at night (due to pupil constriction), corneal clouding, burning (transient), hypotension, bronchospasm, abdominal cramps/GI distress
*Use with caution in patients with a history of retinal detachment or corneal abrasion

31
Q

carbachol (Miostat)

A

1-2 drops up to TID

32
Q

pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine)

A

Solution: 1-2 drops up to 4 times/day

33
Q

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (end in -zolamide)

A

MOA: reduce aqueous humor production
Warnings: Sulfonamide allergy (caution due to the risk of systemic exposure and dross reactivity (especially with oral formulations)

34
Q

dorzolamide (Trusopt)

A

1 drop TID

35
Q

dorzolamide + timolol (Cospot, Cosopt PF)

A

Cosopt: 1 drop BID

36
Q

brinzolamide (Azopt) + brimonidine (Simbrinza)

A

Azopt: 1 drop TID

37
Q

acetazolamide (oral). Used infrequently for glaucoma; it is used for the prevention and tx of acute mount (altitude) sickness

A

S/Es: CNS effects (ataxia, confusion), photosensitivity/skin rash (including the risk of SJS/TEN), anorexia, nausea, risk of hematological toxicities
250 mg PO 1-4 times per day, or 500 mg ER PO BID

38
Q

adrenergic alpha-2 agonists

A

increase aqueous humor outflow, reduce humor production

39
Q

adrenergic alpha-2 agonists (-dine)

A

MOA: increase aqueous humor outflow, reduce humor production
Warnings: CNA depression: caution with heavy machinery, driving
S/Es: sedation, dry mouth, dry nose

40
Q

brimonidine (Alphagan P)

A

Dosed TID

41
Q

brimonidine + timolol

A

Combigan

42
Q

brimonidine + brinzolamide

A

Simbrinza

43
Q

apraclonidine (lopidine)

A

dosed TID

44
Q

brimonidine (Lumify) is OTC and is…

A

indicated for ocular redness

45
Q

rho kinase inhibitors

A

MOA: increase aqueous humor outflow
Counsel: contains the BAK; remove contact lenses before use. Store in the fridge before opening; once opened, store at room temperature for ≤ 6 weeks

46
Q

netarsudil (Rhopressa)

A

Dose: 1 drop daily in the evening

S/Es: burning/eye pain, corneal disease, conjunctival hemorrhage and conjunctival hyperemia (excess blood vessels)

47
Q

netarsudil + latanoprost (Rocklatan)

A

Dose: 1 drop daily in the evening

S/Es: burning/eye pain, corneal disease, conjunctival hemorrhage and conjunctival hyperemia (excess blood vessels)

48
Q

Conjunctivitis, aka “pink eye”, occurs in…

A

one or both eyes. Can be due to a virus, bacteria, or allergen. Most commonly caused by adenovirus (no tx; infection resolves over several days to 2-3 weeks)

49
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis can be caused by…

A

pollen, dust mites, animal dander, molds

50
Q

Mast cell stabilizers include:

A
  • alcaftadine (Lastacaft)
  • cromolyn
  • lodoxamide (Alomide)
  • nedocromil (Alocril)
51
Q

Antihistamines include:

A
  • azelastine
  • olopatadine (Patanol, Pataday, Pazeo)
  • cetirizine (Zerviate)
  • epinastine (Elestat)
52
Q

Antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer

A
  • ketotifen (Alaway, Zaditor), OTC
53
Q

Blepharitis most commonly involves…

A

the part of the eyelid where the eyelashes come out of the skin. The primary s/s are inflamed, irritated, and itchy eyelids. The preferred tx includes the application of a warm compress over the eye for a few minutes to loosen the crust, then use of a warm moist washcloth to wipe away the debris.

54
Q

Eye inflammation can be reduced with a…

A

cold compress and either an NSAID eye drop (if mild) or a steroid eye drop (if severe). Artificial tears can help with a “gritty” feeling and alleviate dryness

55
Q

Steroidal eye drops include:

A
  • Prednisolone (Pred Fort, Pred Mild, Omnipred)
  • Dexamethasone (Maxidex, Ozurdex)
  • Flurometholone (Flarex, FML Forte, FML Liquifilm suspension, ointment)
  • Loteprednol (Alrex, Lotemax suspension, ointment, gel)
56
Q

NSAID eye drops:

A
  • ketorolac (Acular, Acular LS, Acuvail)
  • nepafenac (Ilevro, Nevanac)
  • bromfenac
  • diclofenac
  • flurbiprofen
57
Q

artificial tears (for eye dryness)

A
  • Refresh (OTC)
  • Systane (OTC)
  • Liquifilm teams (OTC)
  • others
58
Q

chronic dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)

A
  • cyclosporine emulsion eye drops (Restasis)

- lifitegrast (Xiidra)

59
Q

for eye redness and/or allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • naphazoline (Clear Eye Redness Relief), OTC
  • naphazoline/pheniramine (Naphcon A, Visine A), OTC
  • tetrahydrozoline (Visine), OTC
  • brimonidine (Lumify), OTC
60
Q

drugs causing retinal changes/retinopathy

A
  • chloroquine

- hydroxychloroquine

61
Q

drugs causing optic neuropathy

A
  • amiodarone (plus corneal deposits)
  • ethambutol
  • linezolid
62
Q

drugs causing floppy iris syndrome; causes difficulty in cataract surgery

A
  • alpha-blockers (eg. doxazosin)
63
Q

drugs causing color discrimination issues

A
  • digoxin (with toxicity)- yellow/green vision
  • PDE-5 inhibitors (eg. sildenafil)- greenish tinge around objects
  • voriconazole- color vision changes (counsel not to drive at night)
64
Q

drugs causing vision loss/abnormal vision

A
  • digoxin (with toxicity)- blurriness, halos
  • PDE-5 inhibitors- vision loss in one or both eyes (can be permanent)
  • isotretinoin- decreased night vision which can be permanent, dry eyes irritation
  • vigabatrin- permanent vision loss (high risk)
  • voriconazole- abnormal vision, photophobia
65
Q

Antibiotic eye drops can be used for outer ear infections. During tx, patients should stay out of the water, avoid flying due to pressure changes and avoid the use of headphones and earplugs. These drops include:

A
  • ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone (Ciprodex)
  • ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone (Cipro HC)
  • neomycin, colistin, hydrocortisone and thonzonium (Coly-Mycin S)
66
Q

Ear wax removal med can be bought OTC:

A

carbamide peroxide (Debrox), triehtanolamine. Can be used every 4-8 weeks as a preventive measure. Instill 5-10 drops BID for up to 4 days.

67
Q

Eye drops counseling:

A
  • can cause stinging/burning (except for preservative-free)
  • Wait 5 minutes in between 2 drops of the same medication.
  • Wait 5-10 minutes in between drops of 2 different medications.
  • Apply gels last. Wait 10 minutes after the last eye drop before use.
  • Remove contact lenses before using drops. Wait 15 minutes to reinsert.
68
Q

Prostaglandin analog counseling

A
  • Darkening of the iris and an increase in eyelash grown can occur.
  • Do not use with bimatoprost (Latisse). Latisse can reduce the effectiveness of other prostaglandins.

NAPLEX (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions