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A&P2 > Ch.23 > Flashcards

Ch.23 Flashcards

1
Q

The region of the respiratory tract where air moves in and out; from external nares to terminal bronchioles.

A

conducting division (zone)

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2
Q

The region of the respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs; alveoli and respiratory bronchioles

A

respiratory division (zone)

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3
Q

The airway from nose to larynx - that part in the head and neck.

A

upper respiratory tract

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4
Q

The airway from trachea through lungs - that part in the thorax.

A

lower respiratory tract

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5
Q

The reason you have well-vascularized, highly folded nasal conchae

A

warm, humidify, filter the air

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6
Q

The only region of the pharynx lined with ciliated epithelium.

A

nasopharynx

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7
Q

The epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage are all part of the …

A

larynx

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8
Q

The opening between the vocal cords is called the…

A

glottis

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9
Q

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage support the wall of the….

A

trachea

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10
Q

purpose of the trachealis muscle

A

constricts to increase airway resistance

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11
Q

lung with 3 lobes

A

right

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12
Q

lung with cardiac notch

A

left

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13
Q

This happens to increase airway resistance within the lungs

A

bronchoconstriction

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14
Q

This division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates bronchodilation

A

sympathetic

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15
Q

Main component of connective tissue in the lungs.

A

elastic fibers

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16
Q

Airways with a diameter of <1mm, no cartilage

A

bronchioles

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17
Q

4 distinct layers of serous membrane associated with the lungs

A

visceral and parietal pleura of each lung

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18
Q

normal breathing

A

eupnea

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19
Q

labored breathing

A

dyspnea

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20
Q

stopping breathing

A

apnea

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21
Q

We say lungs are ____, because a small change in transpulmonary pressure means a large change in volume.

A

compliant

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22
Q

This component of alveolar fluid reduces its surface tension.

A

surfactant

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23
Q

Which pressure is always lower: intrapleural or intrapulmonary?

A

intrapleural

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24
Q

True or false: intrapulmonary pressure is always lower than atmospheric pressure

A

false

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25
Q

Air in the pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

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26
Q

Blood in the pleural cavity.

A

hemothorax

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27
Q

Collapse of a lung

A

atelectasis

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28
Q

During quiet inspiration, the intrapleural pressure is commonly ___ mm Hg, and the intrapulmonary pressure is _____ mm Hg, which is (higher or lower) than atmospheric P.

A

754; 757- lower

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29
Q

During expiration, the intrapleural P (rises or falls) to _____ mm Hg, and the intrapulmonary pressures (rises or falls) to _____ mm Hg - (higher or lower) than atmospheric P.

A

rises-756; rises-763 - higher

30
Q

Which is more affected in restrictive disorders such as emphysema - inhalation, or exhalation?

A

exhalation

31
Q

Formula for alveolar ventilation rate

A

respiratory rate X (tidal volume - dead air space)

32
Q

Which type of breathing reduces alveolar ventilation: shallow, or deep?

A

shallow breathing

33
Q

The 3 vital reflex centers (cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory) are located in this part of the brain.

A

medulla

34
Q

Another name for the inspiratory center in the medulla

A

DRG, dorsal respiratory group

35
Q

Another name for the expiratory center in the medulla.

A

VRG, ventral respiratory group

36
Q

Spinal nerves that supply the intercostal muscles

A

thoracic nerves

37
Q

Spinal nerves that supply the diaphragm.

A

cervical nerves

38
Q

Specific nerves that supply the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves

39
Q

Location in the brain of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers

A

pons

40
Q

Basic effect of the pneumotaxic center.

A

inhibits DRG

41
Q

Basic effect (we think) of the apneustic center

A

prolongs inspiration

42
Q

True or false: the movement of air into and out of the respiratory system is called gas exchange

A

false

43
Q

The exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs.

A

external respiration

44
Q

The exchange of respiratory gases in the systemic tissues.

A

internal respiration

45
Q

This law states that the contribution to the total pressure of each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage of total number of molecules

A

Dalton’s law

46
Q

This law states that pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional.

A

Boyle’s law

47
Q

This law states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is determined not only by its partial pressure, but also by its solubility in water.

A

Henry’s law

48
Q

The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air are…

A

104 mm Hg, 40 mm Hg

49
Q

The function of the type II pulmonary cells (also called septal cells or great alveolar cells).

A

secrete surfactant

50
Q

These cells are responsible for removing debris within the alveoli.

A

alveolar macrophages

51
Q

The name of the cell type that forms most of the alveolar wall

A

type I pulmonary (squamous alveolar)

52
Q

The structure through which gas exchange in the lungs occurs.

A

respiratory membrane

53
Q

Thickness of the respiratory membrane

A

0.5 micrometers

54
Q

Oxygen first comes in contact with this part of the respiratory membrane, after dissolving in alveolar fluid.

A

squamous alveolar (type I pulmonary epithelial)

55
Q

Carbon dioxide first comes in contact with this part of the respiratory membrane, before diffusing in external respiration.

A

Capillary endothelial cell

56
Q

In this disorder, the accumulation of fluids separates the pulmonary capillaries from the alveolar walls, increasing the distance of diffusion and reducing gas exchange.

A

pulmonary edema

57
Q

When air flow (ventilation) to a part of a lung decreases, blood flow (perfusion) to that same area (increases or decreases).

A

decreases

58
Q

When air flow to a particular region of the lung is high, (bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation) will occur to shift fresh air to other parts of the lung.

A

bronchoconstriction

59
Q

Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in tissue fluid, systemic venous blood, and pulmonary arterial blood

A

40 mm Hg, 46 mm Hg

60
Q

The percent saturation of hemoglobin in venous blood (resting value).

A

75%

61
Q

At 75% saturation, how many oxygen molecules (on average) is each hemoglobin molecule carrying?

A

3 oxygen molecules per hemoglobin

62
Q

When pH decreases or temperature increases, the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen (increases or decreases).

A

decreases

63
Q

The enzyme in RBCs that is essential to carbon dioxide transport.

A

carbonic anhydrase

64
Q

When pCO2 of blood increases, pH (increases or decreases).

A

decreases

65
Q

When bicarbonate ions diffuse out of RBCs in systemic capillaries, this ion shifts into the RBCs to provide electrical and osmotic balance.

A

chloride

66
Q

When hemoglobin gives up oxygen, it can more easily pick up carbon dioxide; this is known as the …

A

Haldane effect

67
Q

The percentage of carbon dioxide carried as bicarbonate, carbaminohemoglobin, and physically dissolved CO2 in systemic venous blood.

A

70%, 23%, 7%

68
Q

These visceral sensory receptors, found in aortic and carotid bodies, respond especially to hypercapnia and acidemia, but also to hypoxia.

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

69
Q

These 2 pairs of cranial nerves carry impulses concerning blood pressure and blood chemistry from the aortic sinus and body and from the carotid sinuses and bodies.

A

vagus, glossopharyngeal

70
Q

The part of the brain with central chemoreceptors, responsive expecially to hypercapnia (since hydrogen ions can’t cross the blood-brain barrier).

A

medulla

71
Q

This is caused by hyperventilating, then going underwater. The problem is due to the extra-low pCO2 eliminating the urge to breathe, until oxygen level is so low that unconsciousness results.

A

shallow water blackout

A&P2 (3 decks)

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