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General 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

System of vessels that contain portal vein

A

Portal System

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2
Q

Aka Master’s Gland

A

Pituitary gland or Hypophysis

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3
Q

Master of endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

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4
Q

Location of Pituitary Gland

A

Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica of sphenid bone

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5
Q

Connects the pituitary gland to hypothalamus

A

Infundibular stalk

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6
Q

Adenohypophysis communicates with hypothalamus via

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

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7
Q

Hormones responsible for Glycogenolysis

A

GLUCAGON
Growth hormone
Epinephrine
Cortisol

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8
Q

APG Cells

A

Acidophiles- Alpha cells

Basophiles- Beta cells

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9
Q

Hormones secreted by alpha & beta cells of APG

A

GPA: B-FLAT

GH
Prolactin

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

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10
Q

What is chondrogenesis

A

Cartilage formation and

Interstitial growth

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11
Q

Other term for GH

A

Somatotropin

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12
Q

Other term for TSH

A

Thyrotropin

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13
Q

Other term for ACTH

A

Corticotropin

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14
Q

Effects of GH

A

Chondrogenesis
Protein anabolism
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis

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15
Q

Hormone that stimulates milk production

A

Prolactin

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16
Q

Target site of ACTH

A

Zona fasciculata of Adrenal Cortex

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17
Q

Target site of TSH

A

Thyroid gland

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18
Q

What are the portal veins

A

Hypophyseal portal system

Hepatic portal system

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19
Q

Hormone that stimulates milk secretion/excretion

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

Hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis

A

LH and FSH

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21
Q

Target site of LH

A

Leydig/ interstitial cells

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22
Q

Target site of FSH

A

Sertoli/sustentacular cells

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23
Q

Effect of ACTH

A

Stimulates zona fasciculata to produce CORTISOL

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24
Q

Effect of TSH

A

Produce T3 and T4

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25
Q

T3 and T4

AKA

A

Triiodothyronine

Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine

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26
Q

Hormone that stimulates ovulation

A

LH

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27
Q

Hormone that stimulates estrogen production

A

FSH

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28
Q

Hormone that stimulates testosterone production

A

LH

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29
Q

Hormone that stimulates androgen-binding protein production

A

FSH

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30
Q

Hormone that stimulates gametogenesis

A

FSH

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31
Q

Function of LH

A

Stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

Stimulates testosterone production

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32
Q

Function of FSH

A

Stimulates Gametogenesis
Estrogen production
ABP production

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33
Q

Other term for GHRH

A

Somatocrinin

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34
Q

Hypothalamic hormone that releases GH

A

GHRH

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35
Q

Hypothalamic hormone that release Prolactin

A

PRH

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36
Q

Hypothalamic hormone that release FSH

A

GnRH

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37
Q

Hypothalamic hormone that release ACTH

A

Corticotropin-RH

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38
Q

Hypothalamic hormone that release TSH

A

TRH

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39
Q

Hypothalamic hormone that release LH

A

GnRH

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40
Q

Somatostatin

A

Hypothalamic hormone that inhibits release of GH

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41
Q

Dopamine/ Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone

A

Hypothalamic hormone that inhibits Prolactin release

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42
Q

ABP binds to testosterone in order to

A

Maintain the proper testosterone concentration

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43
Q

What is SPERMIOGENESIS

A

Spermatid converted to spermatozoa

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44
Q

Spermatogenesis lasts for how many days

A

65 to 75 days (300M sperm per cycle)

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45
Q

Menstrual cycle lasts for how many days

A

28 days

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46
Q

What will the hypothalamus do if there is excessive hormones in bloodstream

A

Negative feedback on Hypothalamus to prevent diseases

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47
Q

Result of excessive cortisol

deficient cortisol

A

Cushing’s disease

Addison’s disease

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48
Q

Result of excessive thyroid hormones

deficient thyroid hormones

A

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

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49
Q

Location of spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous tubules

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50
Q

Functions of Testosterone

A

LH–> Leydig cells–> Testosterone

  1. ABP binds to testosterone to maintain proper testosterone concentration
  2. Responsible for spermiogenesis
  3. Enters prostate gland and converted into Dihydrotestosterone
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51
Q

Final stage of spermatogenesis

A

Spermiogenesis

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52
Q

Sequence of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonium (stem cell-2n) —> Primary spermatocyte (2n) —> Secondary spermatocyte (n) —> Spermatid —> Spermatozoa

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53
Q

Testosterone and DHT functions

A
  1. Male pattern of devt
  2. Enlargement of male reproductive organ
  3. Secondary male features
  4. Protein anabolism
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54
Q

Mature sperm

A

Spermatozoa

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55
Q

Target site of FSH in female

A

Primordial follicle of ovary

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56
Q

How is estrogen produced

A

FSH binds to Granulosa cells of Primordial Follicle of Ovary to release estrogen

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57
Q

When does ovulation happens

A

14th day of menstrual cycle when LH reaches its peak level

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58
Q

Effects of estrogen

A
  1. Primordial follicle development
  2. Secondary female characteristics
  3. Slight thickening of endometrial lining
  4. Declining of FSH (negative feedback)
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59
Q

What happens when there is high estrogen

A

Estrogen stimulates Anterior pituitary gland and APG releases LH

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60
Q

Validity of egg cell after its release from ovary

A

24 hours

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61
Q

At birth, around how many primordial follicles are present

A

400,000

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62
Q

As Estrogen increase, FSH decrease & LH increase

T/F

A

True

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63
Q

Corpus Luteum produces

A

PIE

Progesterone
Inhibin
Estrogen

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64
Q

Main hormone for inhibiting FSH

A

Inhibin

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65
Q

How does oral contraceptives work

A

Prevents ovulation

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66
Q

Hormonal pills are usually taken for how many days

A

21 days

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67
Q

Main hormone for pregnancy and menstruation

A

Progesterone

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68
Q

T/F

PPG doesn’t synthesize hormones but stores and secretes hormones produced by hypothalamus

A

True

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69
Q

PPG communicayes with hypothalamus via

A

Infundibular stalk

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70
Q

Oxytocin is produced by

A

Paraventricular nuclei

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71
Q

ADH/ vasopressin is produced by

A

Supraoptic nuclei

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72
Q

Ferguson Reflex

A

Starts when cervix stretches

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73
Q

Hormone responsible for uterine contractions

A

Oxytocin

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74
Q

Produces oxytocin and ADH

A

Hypothalamic nuclei secretory cells

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75
Q

Hormone responsible for milk ejection reflex, fetal ejection reflex

A

Oxytocin

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76
Q

What part of nephron where reabsorption of water happens

A

DCT/ CT/CD

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77
Q

Hormone that constricts arterioles increasing BP

A

Angiotensin II

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78
Q

Other term for urination

A

Micturition

79
Q

What stimulates oxytocin release

A
  1. Stretching of cervix (positive feedback)

2. Areola stimulation (nursing infant)

80
Q

What happens in Distal convuluted tubule

A

ADH: water reabsorption

Parathyroid hormone: Calcium reabsorption

81
Q

What happens in CT/CD

A

ADH: Water reabsorption
Aldosterone: Sodium reabsorption

81
Q

What happens in CT/CD

A

ADH: Water reabsorption
Aldosterone: Sodium reabsorption

82
Q

What stimulates ADH secretion

A
  1. Deficient blood volume (high blood solutes level)
  2. Excessive sweating
  3. Diarrhea
83
Q

What inhibits ADH secretion

A
  1. Alcohol

2. Excessive blood volume (low blood solutes level)

84
Q

What is renal/ malphigian corpuscle

A
  1. Bowman’s capsule

2. Glomerulus

85
Q

Hormone responsible for water reabsorption

A

ADH

86
Q

Hormone responsible for sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

87
Q

Hormone responsible for Calcium reabsorption

A

Parathyroid hormone

88
Q

Disease with deficient ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus

89
Q

Disease with decrease insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

90
Q

Clinical feature of diabetes insipidus

A

Polyuria and polydipsia

91
Q

Clin. feature of diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia

92
Q

If fertilization takes place, what will happen to corpus luteum

A

Corpus luteum is maintained

93
Q

If no fertilization happens

A

Corpus albicans

94
Q

MOA of oral contraceptives

A

Prevents ovulation

Prevents release of Graafian follicle that’s why egg cell remains in ovary

95
Q

Largest endocrine gland

A

Thyroid gland

96
Q

Gland found posterior to thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

97
Q

Glands located superior to the kidney

A

Adrenal/ suprarenal gland

98
Q

What part of pancreas has endocrine function

A

Tail/end part

99
Q

Shape of thyroid gland

A

Butterfly or H shape

100
Q

Location of thyroid gland

A

Below the yhyroid cartilage just the level of cricoid cartilage

101
Q

What are the cells of thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells

Parafollicular cells

102
Q

What cells secretes major thyroid hormones

A

Follicular cells

103
Q

Follicular cells releases

A

T3 and T4

104
Q

Parafollicular cells releases

A

Calcitonin

105
Q

What hormone (T3/T4)

  1. More numerous
  2. More potent
A
  1. T4

2. T3

106
Q

What is the function of calcitonin

A

Decreases blood calcium

107
Q

What is the function of T3 and T4

A

Increases metabolic function

108
Q

Functions of T3

A
  1. Increase metabolic rate
  2. Increase glucose breakdown
  3. Increase fatty acid breakdown
  4. Growth (protein synthesis)
  5. Nervous system development
109
Q

Blood calcium levels

A

9 to 11 mg/dl

110
Q

Hormone responsible for increase in blood calcium level

A

Parathyroid hormone

111
Q

Severe hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid storm

112
Q

Disease with excessive T3 and T4

A

Hyperthyroidism

113
Q

Disease with deficient T3 and T4

A

Hypothyroidism

114
Q

Most common cause of

  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
A
  1. Grave’s disease (sometimes Plummer’s Disease)

2. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (sometimes Iodine Deficiency)

115
Q

Drugs for

  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
A
  1. Propylthiouracil and Methimazole

2. Levothyroxine (synthetic thyroxine)

116
Q

Drug contraindicated for hyperthyroidism, why?

A

Epinephrine because it also increases metabolic rate

117
Q

Hypothyroidism in children

A

Cretinism - physical and mental retardation

118
Q

Severe type of hypothyroidism

A

Myxedema

119
Q

Patients with hyperthyroidism are

A 
Heat intolerant
Moist skin
Exophthalmus
Weight loss
Inctrase body temperature
120
Q

Target site of calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland

Parafollicular cells

121
Q

Target site of parathormone

A

Parathyroid gland

Chief cells

122
Q

Cells of parathyroid gland

A

Chief cells

Oxyphilic cells

123
Q

Other terms for parathyroid hormone

A

Parathormone

Parathyrin

124
Q

Function of parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium level

125
Q

What stimulates release of parathormone

A

Low blood calcium levels

126
Q

What does parathormone do in a nephron

A

In DCT, it reabsorbs Calcium

127
Q

How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium level

A

By bone formation

128
Q

How does parathormone increase blood calcium level

A

By

  1. Bone resorption
  2. Increase calcitriol formation
  3. Increase calcium reabsorption in DCT
129
Q

Hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland

A

Hyperparathyroidism

130
Q

Hypoactivity of the parathyroid gland

A

Hypoparathyroidism

131
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of hyperparathyroidism

A

Ground-glass appearance

132
Q

Other pathologies that presents ground-glass appearance

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Albers-schonberg/ Marble bone disease/ osteopetrosis
  3. Fibrous dysplasia
133
Q

Other pathologies that presents ground-glass appearance

A

HAF GLASS

  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Albers-schonberg/ Marble bone disease/ osteopetrosis
  3. Fibrous dysplasia
134
Q

What is the severe form of hyperparathyroidism

A

Von recklinghausen’s disease of bone/ Osteitis fibrosa cystica

135
Q

Features of hyperparathyroidism

A

Osteoporotic bone
Absence of lamina dura
Hypercalcemia

136
Q

State of hyperexcitability of the nervous system due to hypocalcemia

A

Tetany

137
Q

Hyperexcitability/stimulation of NS due to a toxin (tetanus toxin)

A

Tetanus

138
Q

DPT vaccine

A

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

139
Q

Hypersensitive facial nerve

A

Chvostek sign

140
Q

Brachial artery compression

A

Trousseous sign (hands of obstetrician)

141
Q

Triad of McCune Albright Syndrome

A

Fibrous dysplasia
Cafe-au-lait spots
Hyperfunctioning endocrine system

142
Q

Histologic feature of Fibrous Dysplasia

A

Chinese character

143
Q

Location of adrenal gland

A

Located superior to Kidney

144
Q

Zones of Adrenal Cortex

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
145
Q

What hormone is secreted in

  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
A
  1. Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone
  2. Glucocorticoids- Cortisol
  3. Androgens

GFR ACA GF RA CA

146
Q

End product of RAAS

A

Aldosterone

147
Q

Functions of aldosterone

A
  1. Regulates blood pressure and blood volume

2. Increase sodium and water reabsorption in CT/CD

148
Q

Hormone released if decreased blood volume

A

Aldosterone

149
Q

What specific molecule that stimulates the Zona Fasciculata to release cortisol

A

ACTH

150
Q

Aka

“Male hormone”

A

Androgens

151
Q

Hormone released if Na+ is deficient

A

Aldosterone

152
Q

What pathology:
Excessive cortisol
Moonface
Buffalo hump appearance

A

Cushing’s disease

153
Q

Primary stress steroid hormone of the body

A

Cortisol

154
Q

What secretes natural glucocorticoids

A

Zona fasciculata

155
Q

Are cortisol anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresant?

A

Yes

156
Q

Examples of synthetic glucocorticoids

A

Hydrocortisone
Cortisone
Prednisone

157
Q

How does cortisol works

A

⬆️ Protein breakdown (mainly in muscles)
⬆️ Gluconeogenesis (liver)
⬆️ Lipolysis

158
Q

What pathology:
Deficient cortisol
Hyperpigmentation
Adrenal crisis

A

Addison’s disease

159
Q

Hormone released if decreased blood pressure

A

Aldosterone

160
Q

Hormones that regulate the development and maintenance of male features

A

Androgen

161
Q

What organ secretes angiotensinogen

A

Liver

162
Q

What organ secretes renin

A

Kidney (juxtaglomerular cells)

163
Q

Stimulus for renin secretion

A

⬇️ Blood volume
⬇️ Blood pressure
Sodium deficiency

164
Q

Angiotensin I formation

A

Renin breaksdown angiotensinogen

165
Q

Angiotensinogen II formation

A

In lungs, angiotensin I binds with ACE and becomes angiotensin II

166
Q

Angiotensin II target sites

A
  1. Blood vessels (vasoconstriction)

2. Zona glomerulosa secretes Aldosterone (⬆️ Na+ and water reabsorption)

167
Q

Drugs that lowers blood pressure

A
  1. ACE inhibitors

2. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist

168
Q

MOA of ACE inhibitors

A

“pril”
prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
EX: captopril

169
Q

MOA of Angiotensin II receptor antagonist

A

“artan”
Binds to receptor site of angiotensin II
EX: losartan

170
Q

Steroidal hormones are derived from what molecule

A

Pregninolone

171
Q

What are the cells of adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffin cells

172
Q

Function of adrenal medulla

A

Synthesize, stores and secretes catecholamines

173
Q

What are cathecolamines

A

Important for activation of sympathetic adrenergic receptors

174
Q

Examples of monoamines

A

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

175
Q

Examples of cathecolamines

A

Dopamine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

176
Q

What is dopamine

A

Both neurotransmitter and hormone

177
Q

Effects of epinephrine

A

Bronchodilation
Mydriasis
Vasoconstriction
Increases heart rate

178
Q

What part of pancreas has an endocrine function

A

Tail/end

179
Q

Tiny clusters of cells found in pancreas

A

Islet of Langerhans

180
Q

What are the cells in pancreas

A

Alpha, beta & delta cells

181
Q

Hormone secreted by alpha cells

A

Glucagon

182
Q

Hormone secreted by beta cells

A

Insulin

183
Q

Hormone secreted by delta cells

A

Somatostatin

184
Q

Hormone secreted if high blood glucose

A

Insulin

185
Q

Hormone secreted if low blood glucose

A

Glucagon

186
Q

Hormone that inhibits glucagon and insulin release

A

Somatostatin

187
Q

Function of somatostatin

A
  1. Inhibits GI tract secretions
  2. Inhibits insulin and glucagon release
  3. Reduces GI tract absorption
  4. Inhibits growth hormone secretion
188
Q

Types of diabetes mellitus

A

DM I
DM II
Gestational Diabetes

189
Q

Triad of DM

A

Polyphagia
Polyuria
Polydipsia

190
Q

Clinical features of DM

A
  1. Extreme weight loss
  2. High fasting blood sugar
  3. Blurred vision
  4. Weakness
  5. Slow healing wounds
191
Q

What are the ketone bodies

A
  1. Acetoacetic acid
  2. B-hydroxybutyric acid
  3. Acetone
192
Q

Starvation may lead rise in ketone bodies, this phenomenon is known as

A

Ketosis (if related to diabetes=diabetic ketoacidosis)

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