week 4 Flashcards
Whats the high context, low context bag?
Hihg context cultures are those that require a lot of context in order to get it (asia) v implicit, whereas low context everything is explained
Hofstedes definition of culture
culture is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or cateogry from people from others
Hofstede 6 dimensions of national cultures
- power distance
- uncertainty avoidance
- individualism/collectivism
- masculinity/feminity
- long/short term orientation
- indulgences/restraint
WHat is power distance?
The extent to which the less powerful members of the society accept and expect unequal distributions of power (whether that be on a governmental level, or within family groups etc). in mostly eastern block countries, in the west we accept it less.
What is uncertainty avoidance
Not the same as risk avoidance, it deals with a societys tolerance for ambiguity. it indicates the extent to which a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations that may be novel, surprising, or different. Cultures high in uncertainty avoidance have strict behavioural codes, rules and laws (eastern bloc)
Masculinity/femininity
The Masculinity side of this dimension represents a preference in society for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material rewards for success. Society at large is more competitive. Its opposite, Femininity, stands for a preference for cooperation, modesty, caring for the weak and quality of life. Society at large is more consensus-oriented.
long term/short term orientation
all countries with a history of confucianism score lowly, with. values of perseverance, thrift, ordering relationships by status, and a sense of shame. essentially, cultures that score low don’t like changes to traditions (china russia japan)
indulgence/restraint
indulgnece stands for a soecity that allows relatively free gratification of desires, enjoying life, and fun. (west high, eastern bloc low)
culture and the FFM
Right. SO, from what I understand, costa and mccrae did a study and found hofstedes dimensions filled in gaps of big five, i.e. where country differences were found for neuroticism, could be explained by uncertainty avoidance and masculnity.
WHat is the etic approach
the etic approach assumes the universal, cross culturally valid dispositions. testing the extent theoretical personality model replicates in new cultural context
What is the emic approach
insider approach, research fully studies one culture with no cross-cultural focus
individualism and collectivism and personality
you know what indi vs collecti is, but big questions about given how firmly some cultures are one way or the other, and that FFM was made in the west, does it make sense to apply it to colli countries?
What is contextualization?
Hall (1966) idea. western personality psych, from low context culture, emphasizes stability and deemphasizes context of the behaviour, i.e. an extravert will always be an extravert, regardless of situation or context
What is ranked consistency
ranked consistency
people vary in the degree of extraversion displayed across settings, and that people vary in the degree of extraversion displayed across age
although worth noting the ‘rank order’ of people on the trait remains constant
What is the model for good cross cultural research now?
Lexical approach within the county (emic) and then do a comparison across cultures (etic).
