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Bacteriology > Intro to Bacteria > Flashcards

Intro to Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

thick peptidoglycan in cell wall

have lipoteichoic acid

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2
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

thin peptidoglycan layer, have outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide)

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3
Q

Lipopolysaccharide

A

lipid A component or endotoxin. Harmful to host. Polysaccharide component contributes to antigenicity, may provide protective immunity and used as a component of vaccines

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4
Q

Flagella

A

filamentous structure on bacterial surface used for motility. Number and arrangement used for identification

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5
Q

Pili/Fimbria

A

small thread-like structures on bacterial surface that facilitate adherence to the host tissue through specific receptors and contribute to antigenicity

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6
Q

Capsule

A

outer coating made of polysaccharide. Help bacteria evade phagocytosis

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7
Q

Endospores

A

highly resistant dormant form on bacteria produced when exposed to adverse conditions. Found in gram-positive bacteria.

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8
Q

Flagella Significance

A

Virulence Factor

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9
Q

Fimbriae Significance

A

virulence factor, components of diagnostic tests and vaccines

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10
Q

Capsule Significance

A

virulence factor, component of diagnostic tests and vaccines

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11
Q

Endospore Significance

A

virulence factor, diagnosis, vaccines

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12
Q

Growth Phases

A

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

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13
Q

Aerobic Bacteria

A

require oxygen for survival

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14
Q

Microaerophile

A

requires environment with low amount of oxygen

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15
Q

Capnophile

A

thrive in an environment high in CO2

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16
Q

Obligate Anaerobe

A

killed by oxygen

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17
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

A

do not require oxygen but can survive in oxygen environment

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18
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

oxygen not required but can be used

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19
Q

Exotoxins

A

produced inside pathogenic bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. Are secreted into surrounding medium following lysis. Gram-positive, heat labile

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20
Q

Endotoxins

A

lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide that are part of outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria liberated when the bacteria die. Heat stable, can induce inflammation

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21
Q

Superantigens

A

produced by pathogenic microbes. Bind and cross-link indiscriminately to MHC Class II molecules on the macrophages and T helper cell receptor. Results in oligoclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release

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22
Q

Biofilm

A

microbes come together in masses and cling to surfaces, produce extracellular polymeric substances and take in nutrients and form biofilm. Reduce antimicrobial susceptibility

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23
Q

Quorum Sensing

A

molecular communication systems to synchronize the expression of certain genes

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24
Q

Plasmids

A

smaller circular DNA preset in bacteria. May carry genes for antibiotic resistance, toxins, capsules, and fimbriae and can mediate transfer of the virulence factors through conjugation, transformation

25
Q

Bacteriophage

A

viruses that attack bacteria. Carry virulence factors and transfer through transduction

26
Q

Classification of Bacteria

A

staining properties, metabolic properties, biochemical characteristics, fatty acid profile, DNA sequencing

27
Q

Phylogeny

A

science dealing with the evolutionary relationship between living organisms based on sequences of DNA, RNA, and protein. 16s ribosomal gene

28
Q

Microbiome

A

body contains 10x more bacteria than cells. Play a role in immunity, mood, obesity, chronic inflammation

29
Q

Pathogenesis

A

complex interactions between host, pathogen, and environment. Mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease

30
Q

Virulence Factors

A

traits that cause disease but are not found in isolates of the same species that lack the ability to cause disease

31
Q

How bacteria cause disease

A
  1. changing normal physiology by direct damage to host cells (toxins)
  2. deplete host’s nutrients by using them
  3. immune response (inflammation) to the infectious agent
  4. impose a combination of above effects
32
Q

Mechanism of Disease

A
  1. entry into host
  2. evade host defenses
  3. colonize host systems
  4. multiply
  5. exert damage to host
  6. transmission to other hosts
33
Q

Colonization

A

the presence of bacteria on a body surface without causing disease

34
Q

Infection Outcomes

A
  1. subclinical/chronic infection
  2. infection, disease, recovery
  3. infection, disease, death or disability
  4. infection, disease, persistence
35
Q

Endoflagella

A

spirochetes have endoflagella, which are in the periplasmic space

36
Q

Significance of Bacterial Metabolism

A

bacterial organism varies in their growth rate, need for oxygen and nutrients. These traits can be used for bacterial cultivation and identification

37
Q

Significance of Bacterial Toxins

A

Increases the virulence and pathogenicity

38
Q

Biofilm Significance

A

promote chronicity and reduce antimicrobial penetration and susceptibility

39
Q

The purpose of being a pathogen

A

to enhance transmission

40
Q

Extracellular Pathogen

A

Survive outside the cell

41
Q

Obligate Intracellular Pathogen

A

survive only inside the cell

42
Q

Facultative Intracellular Pathogen

A

survive inside and outside the cell

43
Q

What are most bacteria

A

extracellular pathogens

44
Q

Sequence of events in bacterial pathogenesis

A
  1. Entry into the host
  2. Evade host defenses
  3. Colonize the host systems
  4. Multiply
  5. Exert damage in the host
  6. Transmission to other hosts
45
Q

Infection

A

the invasion of a host organism’s tissues by disease causing organisms

46
Q

What are the differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic organism?

A
  • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, eukaryotes have a nucleus
  • Prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles, eukaryotes do
  • Prokaryotes are typically smaller than eukaryotes
  • Prokaryotes have a complex cell wall, eukaryotes have a basic one when present
  • Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, prokaryotes do not
  • Prokaryotes have small 70s ribosome, eukaryotes have larger 80s ribosome
  • Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome, eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes with histones
  • Prokaryotes divide by binary fission, Eukaryotes by mitosis
  • Eukaryotes reproduce by binary fission
47
Q

What is the unique component of Mycobacterium

A

mycolic acid

48
Q

How do flagella relate to bacterial virulence?

A

providing motility towards host targets

49
Q

What are the differences between endotoxins and exotoxins?

A
  • An exotoxin is produced by gram-positive bacteria. An endotoxin is produced by gram-negative bacteria.
  • Exotoxins are secreted into medium following lysis. Endotoxins are released after bacteria die and cell wall falls apart.
  • Exotoxins are heat-labile. Endotoxins are heat resistant
  • Endotoxins exert effects on target cells. Exotoxins induce inflammation
50
Q

Can bacteria transfer virulence factors, and how do they do it? Some examples?

A

Yes, through plasmids in processes such as conjugation, transformation. Ex: tetanus neurotoxin Staphylococcus enterotoxin carried by a plasmid

51
Q

Pathogen

A

microbe that can cause disease

52
Q

Pathogenesis

A

mechanisms by which bacteria cause disease

53
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

54
Q

What are the relative differences between obligate, primary, and opportunistic pathogens?

A

Obligate pathogen does not need a lot of microbes, does not need host predisposition, is very virulent, and causes distincy disease
Primary pathogen needs more microbes and somewhat host predisposition, is moderately virulent, and causes distinct disease.
Opportunistic Pathogen needs a lot of number, more host predisposition, is not very virulent, and causes non-specific disease.

55
Q

What is the iceberg effect in disease epidemiology?

A

Most of the effects of a disease are unseen. So epidemiologists need to combat not only the visible consequences of disease, but the invisible as well

56
Q

Cell Wall Component unique to gram positive bacteria

A

lipoteichoic acid

57
Q

cell wall component unique to gram negative bacteria

A

outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide

58
Q

Cell wall component unique to mycobacteria

A

mycolic acid

59
Q

Measurement of Bacterial Growth

A
  1. colony counting
  2. turbidimetry
  3. spectrophotometry
  4. flow cytometry

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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