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Bacteriology > Gram Positive Cocci > Flashcards

Gram Positive Cocci Flashcards

1
Q

Main Gram-Positive Cocci

A

staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus

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2
Q

Staphylococcus

A

large gram-positive cocci, seen as grape-like clusters. Commensals of skin and exposed mucosa of animals and humans. Numerous species survive well in the environment. Classic opportunistic bacteria colonizing skin and mucous membranes

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3
Q

Virulence of Staphylococcus classification

A

classified based on the enzyme coagulase that converts fibrinogen to fibrin and result in the formation of a clot

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4
Q

Coagulase positive staphylococcus

A

virulent:

S. aureus, S. hyicus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans,

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5
Q

S. intermedius group

A

S. pseudintermedius, S. intermiedius, S. delphini

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6
Q

Staphylococcus Pathogenesis

A
  1. invade broken skin or mucous membrane
  2. overcome innate immune response
  3. inflammation, destruction of neutrophils, pus formation
  4. wound infections, systemic infections, pyoderma, mastitis, folliculitis
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7
Q

Toxin mediated diseases in humans caused by the effect of superantigens

A

staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, staphylococcal food poisoning, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in humans

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8
Q

Coagulase negative staphylococcus

A

rarely cause disease in immunocompetent animals. A common cause of nosocomial infections. Urinary tract infections, colonize indwelling catheters and implants and forms biofilms and may cause bacteraemia and endocarditis.

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9
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Staphylococcus infection

A
  1. cytology or gram-staining- gram positive cocci in clusters and evidence of inflammation with abundance of neutrophils is highly suggestive of infection
  2. culture- routing aerobic culture
  3. molecular detection using PCR
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10
Q

Staphylococcus Treatment

A

identify underlying disease states or predisposing factors. Choice of therapy depends on infection site and severity.

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11
Q

Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus

A

clindamycin resistance

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12
Q

Staphylococcus Infection Control

A

prevent transmission (contact precautions, hygiene, awareness of increased risk, isolation of animals, counselling owners of potential risk)

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13
Q

Streptococcus

A

gram positive catalase negative cocci in chains. Do not survive well in the environment. Causes pyogenic infections. Causes local and/or systemic infections. Infection with streptococci may be endogenous or exogenous. Some species are contagious. Pathogenic streptococci tend to be host-adapted

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14
Q

Streptococcus equi subsp. equi

A

abscess formation in the regional lymph nodes in the head and neck

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15
Q

Streptococcus equi subsp equi (group c)

A

causes strangles, a contagious respiratory tract disease in horses. Equids are the only known hosts. High morbidity and low mortality. Transmission through contact with horses shedding bacterium and contaminated environments. Weaned foals and yearlings are most susceptible.

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16
Q

Strangles Virulence Factors

A

hyaluronic acid capsule, M protein, IgG Fc binding proteins, DNAases, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, antiphagocytic capsule, lytic enzymes- hyaluronidase, streptokinase, toxins, superantigens

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17
Q

Strangles Clinical Signs

A

clinical signs appear 3-14 days after exposure. Infected animals present with fever, depression, anorexia, dysphagia, and moist cough, purulent nasal discharge. Lymph node abscess within 2 weeks of initial signs

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18
Q

Strangles Potential Complication

A

guttural pouch empyema, spread from retropharyngeal lymph nodes into guttural pouches through lymphatic drainage and rupture into pouch. Metastatic/disseminated strangles.

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19
Q

Guttural Pouch Chondroids

A

accumulation of soft or hard concentrations in one or both guttural pouches. Associated with chronic empyema

20
Q

Strangles Diagnosis

A
  1. staining and detection from smears.
  2. culture- abscess swab, nasal, swab, pus, lavage fluid
  3. serology- ELISA for antibodies to M protein
  4. PCR- for diagnosis and detection of asymptomatic carriers
21
Q

Strangles Treatment

A

most animals recover spontaneously. In symptomatic animals, relieve pain and hasten recovery. Infected animals usually recover after abscesses mature and rupture

22
Q

When are antibiotics effective for strangles?

A

if given soon after exposure and before abscess formation and indicated in cases of disseminated infection.

23
Q

Strangles Control

A

most animals have strong immunity after recovering. Vaccinate with killed S. equi vaccines in pregnant mares and foals to maintain high levels of anti M protein opsonizing antibodies. Live, intranasal vaccine is used to stimulate mucosal immunity as well as serum opsonizing antibodies

24
Q

Strangles Phases

A
  1. Incubatory- nasal shedding begins 4-7 days after exposure with or without clinically evident nasal discharge
  2. Clinical- shedding from affected sites, nasal, pharynx, lymph nodes, guttural pouch
  3. Convalescent- nasal shedding for up to 6 weeks after recovery
  4. Long Term- 5-7 months or more, mostly from guttural pouch
25
Q

Streptococcus porcinus

A

jowl abscess in pigs

26
Q

Bovine Streptococcal mastitis

A

S. agalactiae- obligate parasite of mammary gland. Causes contagious acute or chronic mastitis.
S. dysgalactiae
S. uberis

27
Q

Streptococcus iniae

A

causes acute fulminating septicemia in fish resulting in meningoencephalitis, perineuritis, polyserositis, epicarditis, myocarditis, and cellulitis. A recognized zoonosis from fish

28
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia

A

Causes

  1. pneumococcal pneumonia
  2. septicemia and meningitis in humans
  3. pneumonia in guinea pigs and rodents
  4. domestic pets can act as carriers
29
Q

Streptococcus Treatment/Prevention

A

proper management of cuts, wounds. Treatment with antimicrobial agents (Penicillin G for pyogenic streptococci). Mastitis treat with antimicrobials, dry cow treatment

30
Q

Enterococcus

A

normal intestinal flora. Numerous species. Low grade pathogens, true opportunists.

31
Q

Enterococcus Diseases

A

mastitis, wound infections, urinary tract infections, secondary infections

32
Q

Enterococcus Antimicrobial Resistance

A

beta lactams, aminoglycosides, clindamycin, trimethoprim sulfa

33
Q

Greasy Pig Disease

A

caused by Staphylococcus hyicus. Exudative epidermitis in 1-6 week pigs

34
Q

What is the most common isolate associated with canine pyoderma?

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

35
Q

What causes pyoderma and otitis externa?

A

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus

36
Q

What is methicillin resistance mediated by?

A

mecA and mecC genes resulting in altered penicillin binding proteins (PB2a)

37
Q

What is the most common site of colonization?

A

nares

38
Q

What is the enzyme that differentiates between staphylococcus and streptococcus

A

catalase

39
Q

Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A

mastitis, pyoderma, otitis externa, bumble foot

40
Q

Coagulase positive Staphylococcus

A

S. aureus, S. hyicus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans

41
Q

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

A

causes pyoderma, otitis externa in dogs

42
Q

Streptococcus equi Pathogenesis

A
  1. overproduction of certain antibiodies against a pathogen
  2. deposit on blood vessel walls
  3. activate a strong immune response
  4. WBC accumulate and release enzymes that damage blood vessles
  5. Blood vessles become leasy resulting in hemorrhage and loss of fluid into tissues
43
Q

Streptococcus equi Diagnosis

A
  1. staining
  2. culture
  3. serology- ELISA for antibodies to M protein
  4. PCR
44
Q

Streptococcus equi Treatment

A

most animals recover spontaneously. Abx only effective if given soon after exposure

45
Q

Streptococcys equi subsp zooepidemicus

A

opportunistic pathogen of broad host range. Causes purulent infections.

46
Q

Streptococcus canis

A

commensal of skin and mucous membrane. Causes infection in dogs and cats. Infection from vagina or umbilical vein. Skin ulceration, chronic URI, necrotizing sinusitis and meningitis

47
Q

Streptococcus suis

A

pathogenic or commensal organism associated with pigs. Type 2 isolated most often. Causes a variety of infections

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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