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Pathophysiology > Alterations in Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Alterations in Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of body fluids?

A

transport gases
generate electrical activity needed to power body functions
take part in the transformation of food into energy
maintain overall function of the body

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2
Q

What is the normal range of K+ within a cell?

A

3.5-5 .0mL

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3
Q

What is the normal range of Na within a cell?

A

135-145

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4
Q

What does the intracellular compartment (ICF) have a high concentration of?

A

K+

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5
Q

What does the extracellular compartment (ECF) have a high concentration of?

A

Na

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6
Q

What is insensible fluid loss?

A

Water loss that you cant measure // i.e. sweating and exhaling

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7
Q

What organ is the main regulator of sodium?

A

The kidney is the main regulator of sodium.

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8
Q

What happens when the body is deficient on fluid?

A

It will increase to maintain the cardiac out-put and constrict blood vessels.

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9
Q

What is another term for “disorders of ADH expression”?

A

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

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10
Q

What does the acronym BUN mean?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen = measure of kidney function

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11
Q

What are the normal levels of Na (sodium)?

A

135-145 are the normal levels

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12
Q

What is the major protein in the body?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

What elements are essential for cardiac function?

A

Na / Mg / Ca

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14
Q

What are the names of the fluid compartments?

A

Intracellular compartment (ICF) and Extracellular compartment (ECF)

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15
Q

What is the relative amount of body fluid in the ICF?

A

The ICF is the larger of the two compartments and is composed of 2/3 of the body water in healthy adults.

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16
Q

What is the relative amount of body fluid in the ECF?

A

The ECF contains 1/3 of the remaining body water.

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17
Q

What are the mechanisms of fluid movement between fluid compartments?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of charged or uncharged particles along a concentration gradient (movement from high concentration to low concentration)

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19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane(from the side of the membrane with a low particles and high concentration of water to the side of the membrane with high particles and low concentration of water.)

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20
Q

What is the goal of both diffusion and osmosis?

A

to equal out the balance or Solution concentrations equalized

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21
Q

Identify the routes of water intake and output to and from the body:

A

Water intake routes:
water, Na, and oral intake
metabolism of nutrients
Water output routes: kidneys, skin, lungs, GI tract.

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22
Q

What is the regulator for water INtake?

A

Thirst

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23
Q

What is the regulator for water OUTput?

A

ADH

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24
Q

How do the kidneys regulate sodium?

A

The kidneys monitor arterial pressure. They retain sodium when arterial pressure is decreased and eliminates sodium when arterial pressure is increased.

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25
Q

How does the body react to fluid deficit?

A

Hypovolemia and thirst.

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26
Q

What is a fluid deficit mean?

A

Fluid imbalance.

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27
Q

What are the blood electrolytes?

A

Na // Cl// HCO3

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28
Q

What do the blood electrolytes do?

A

Regulate nerve/ muscle function

Maintain acid-base balance and H2O

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29
Q

What is part of the brain is ADH released by?

A

Posterior pituitary (synthesized by hypothalamus)

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30
Q

What part of the brain is aldosterone secreted by?

A

Adrenal cortex

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31
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  1. Regulates Na levels

2. Promotes Na and H2O uptake

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32
Q

What does ADH do?

A
  1. Makes you hold on to water

2. Prevents fluid loss and conserves water. (promotes reabsorption of Na and H2O)

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33
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Promote H2O and Na loss by the kidneys

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34
Q

What is a cause of hypoCALcemia ?

A

Abnormal losses of calcium from the kidney

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35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoCALcemia?

A

face tingling/ fatigue/ muscle cramps/ diarrhea / increased neuromuscular excitability

36
Q

What is HYPERmagnesium?

A

Its caused by renal failure and excessive intake of magnesium containing antacids (magnesium containing medications)

37
Q

What is the normal range of potassium?

A

3.5 - 5.0 mL

38
Q

What is HYPERkalemia?

A

Increase in plasma levels of Potassium above 5.0 mEq/L

39
Q

What is HYPOkalemia?

A

Decrease in plasma potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L

40
Q

What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia?

A

excessive intake in phosphate//
kidney failure to excrete excess phosphate//
rapid redistribution of intracellular phosphate to the ECF compartment

41
Q

What is a S/S of hypernatremia?

A

Body swelling (retention)

42
Q

What occurs during dehydration (hypovolemia)?

A

Decreased fluid loss

43
Q

What are the causes of dehydration (hypovolemia)?

A

Diarrhea / vomiting / poly urea ( peeing a lot ) / diabetes insipidus (DI)

44
Q

What are the causes of insensible fluid loss in dehydration (hypovolemia)?

A

Sweating and respiration

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration (hypovolemia)

A

Thirst / tachycardia / low blood pressure / dry mucus membranes (cotton mouth)

46
Q

What are the causes of edema?

A

increased capillary permeability leaky capillaries

47
Q

What are the 2 functions of the kidneys?

A

Filtration and sodium regulation

48
Q

What are the HYPERvolemia signs and symptoms?

A

Respiratory crackles / edema / increased blood pressure / SOB / increased heart rate (bounding pulse) [you can see and hear it due to heart compensation]

49
Q

What is an effect of hyperventilation?

A

Excess CO2 exudation / decrease in PaCO2 // blowing off too much

50
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) cause?

A

A reduction of ECF volume by increasing renal sodium excretion

51
Q

What are the causes of increased carbonic acid in the lungs?

A

“Brachycardia” Slow breathing / CO2 being excreted by respiration

52
Q

What does hypofusion effect?

A

Effects the kidney// increases ADH// reabsorba H2O and NA

53
Q

What does syndromes of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone (SIDAH) effect?

A

ADH Effects and signs - decreased NA / DI excessive thirst and poly urea (I.e: causes body to retain water and sodium levels to fall)

54
Q

How does the body assess that there is a fluid imbalance?

A

Thirst and hypovolemia

55
Q

What are the blood electrolytes?

A

Na, Cl, HCO3, K

56
Q

What do the blood electrolytes do?

A
  1. Regulate nerve and muscle function

2. Help maintain acid-base balance and water balance in the body

57
Q

What are the 3 hormones that have a key role in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

A
  1. ADH
  2. Aldosterone
  3. ANP
58
Q

ADH is released from the ____________.

A

Posterior pituitary

59
Q

What does ADH do in the body?

A

Prevent fluid loss and promote the body’s conservation of water (holds and retains water)

60
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from the _________.

A

Adrenal cortex

61
Q

What does aldosterone do in the body?

A

Regulates sodium levels

62
Q

Where is ANP (atrial natueric peptide) produced?

A

The heart

63
Q

What does ANP do in the body?

A

Promotes both fluid and sodium loss by the kidneys and stimulated when the blood volume or pressure is elevated

64
Q

What is HYPOkalcemia?

A

Low calcium levels

65
Q

What are signs and symptoms of HYPOkalcemia?

A

Increased neuromuscular excitability (diarrheas/tingling and numbness in the face/ fatigue/ muscle cramps)

66
Q

Na, K, Cl help regulate ________.

A

Nerve and muscle function

67
Q

What is hypermagnesium?

A

High levels of magnesium

68
Q

When a patient has hypermagnesium, what are the different teaching considerations are you going to make when approaching this patient?

A

Do NOT take antacids because they are high in magnesium

69
Q

What is the normal potassium range?

A

3.5 - 5.0

70
Q

Potassium levels below 3.5 is:

A

HYPOkalemia

71
Q

Potassium levels above 5.0 is:

A

HYPERkalemia

72
Q

Define Hyperphosphatemia:

A

High phosphate levels in the blood

73
Q

List the signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia:

A
  1. Failure of the kidneys
  2. Rapid reabsorption of the intracellular phosphate to the extracellular compartment
  3. Excessive intake of phosphate
74
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Low fluid volumes

75
Q

List the signs and symptoms of dehydration:

A
  1. Dry mucous membrane
  2. Thirst
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Low BP
76
Q

Hypovolemia is also known as:

A

Dehydration

77
Q

Define hypERvolemia:

A

High volume of fluid// fluid excess

78
Q

List the signs and symptoms of hypervolemia:

A
  1. Respiratory crackles
  2. Shortness of breath
  3. Elevated or bounding pulse
  4. Edema
79
Q

List the causes of fluid loss:

A

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Polyuria (excessive urination)
DI (diabetes insipidus)

80
Q

What is the cause of edema?

A

Increased capillary permeability (leaky capillaries)

81
Q

What are the major functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Filtration / sodium regulation
  2. Removes wastes from the body
  3. Balances the bodies fluids
  4. Activate vitamin D
82
Q

What is SIADH:

A

Frequent urination

83
Q

What are the expected lab values of DI?

A

Low Na levels because Na is secreted when we urinate

84
Q

List the symptoms of DI:

A

Polyuria
Excessive thirst
Low Na levels

85
Q

Define Hyperfusion:

A

Low blood levels in the kidneys

86
Q

If you have low blood flow to the kidneys , what happens to ADH levels?

A

ADH will be increased in the body to retain water and sodium. If there is low perfusion, the kidneys will nee to retain water and sodium to promote circulation.

87
Q

If fluid volumes are low ______.

A

Circulation will be poor

Pathophysiology (28 decks)

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