Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death

Question 1

Injury or stress to cells is:

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

Increase in cell demand is:

Answer 2

Hypertrophy

Question 3

Decreased stimulation or lack of nutrients in cells is:

Answer 3

Atrophy

Question 4

Chronic irritation in cells is:

Answer 4

Metaplasia

Question 5

List the 4 cellular adaptations:

Answer 5

1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia

Question 6

Define Hypertrophy:

Answer 6

Increase in the size of the cells result in increased size of the organ (may be physiologic or pathologic)

Question 7

What are examples of physiologic hypertrophy?

Answer 7

1. Increased workload (ex. cardiac and skeletal muscle)

2. Hormone induced (pregnant uterus)

Question 8

Define Hyperplasia:

Answer 8

Increase in the number of cells results in increase in the size of the organ. (may be physiologic or pathologic)

Question 9

What are examples or physiologic hyperplasia?

Answer 9

1. Hormonal hyperplasia (female breast and puberty/pregnancy)
2. Compensatory hyperplasia (unilateral nephrectomy and liver regeneration)
3. Erythroid hyperplasia of bone marrow (Chronic hypoxia: high altitude stays, chronic lung disease, and cyanotic heart defects)

Question 10

What are examples of PATHologic hyperplasia?

Answer 10

1. Excessive hormone stimulation (endometrial hyperplasia and prostatic hyperplasia)
2. Viral infections (papilloma virus [warts])
3. Side effects of drugs (gingival hyperplasia)

Question 11

Define atrophy

Answer 11

Reduced size of an organ due to a decreased size an number

Question 12

List examples of atrophy:

Answer 12

1. Physiological atrophy (notochord-differentiates into spine in fetal development)
2. Post partum uterus
3. Pathologic atrophy (local or generalized - neuromuscular disorders)

Question 13

Causes of Atrophy are:

Answer 13

1. Decreased work load (disuse atrophy and stroke)
2. Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
3. Diminished blood supply (ischemia)
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Loss of endocrine stimulation (menopause)
6. Pressure (enlarged benign tumor)
7. Aging (senile atrophy)

Question 14

Define metaplasia:

Answer 14

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type// usually responds to stress or chronic irritation

Question 15

List causes and examples of metaplasia:

Answer 15

1. Tobacco smoke (squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract *most common)
2. Gastric acid reflux (gastric metaplasia of distal esophagus and Barrett esophagus)
3. Related skeletal muscle injury with hemorrhage (muscle replaced by bone and myositis ossifications)

Question 16

Mechanisms of metaplasia are:

Answer 16

Reprogramming stem cells that exist in normal tissue
Induced by cytokines, growth factors and other environmental factors
Retinoic acid (vitamin A) may play a role
Exact mechanism is UNK

Question 17

Apoptosis (irreversible cell death) features include:

Answer 17

Programmed
Usually affects scattered individual cells
Cells contract
DOES NOT INCLUDE INFLAMMATION
Control of intracellular environment maintained cytoplasm packaged as apoptotic bodies

Question 18

Apoptosis is equated with suicide and eliminate cells that:

Answer 18

are worn out
have been produced in excess
have developed improperly
have generic damage

Question 19

Anioxidant effect on reactive oxygen species:

Answer 19

Antioxidants inhibit the actions of reactive oxygen species