Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GROSS ANATOMY > Introduction To Clinically Oriented Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction To Clinically Oriented Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the 💡structure of body parts and their 💡relationship to one another.

To 💡dissect, 💡cut apart, and 💡separate

A

ANATOMY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All structures in 💡one part of the body. (e.g. pelvic, abdomen)

A

Regional Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Study of internal structures as they related to the 💡overlying skin

A

Surface Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gross anatomy of the body studied by 💡system (cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, muscular

A

Systemic Anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WAYS OF EXAMINING THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE

A

SURFACE ANATOMY

ANATOMICAL IMAGING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Study of the cell

A

Cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Study of the tissues

A

Histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

💡DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

Study of development changes of the body before birth

A

Embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Composed of 💡bone, cartilage, and ligament

● 💡Protects and 💡supports body organs
● Provides the 💡framework for muscles
● Site of 💡blood cell formation
● Stores minerals like 💡calcium and 💡phosphorus

A

Skeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Forms the 💡external body covering

● Composed of the 💡skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair,
and nails
● 💡Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes
💡vitamin D
● Regulate the temperature and prevent water loss
● First line of defense

A

Integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q 
Composed of 💡muscles and tendons
● Allows 💡manipulation of the environment, locomotion,
and facial expression
● Maintains 💡posture
● Produces 💡heat through shivering
A

Muscular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Composed of the 💡brain, spinal cord & nerves
● 💡Fast-acting control system of the body
● Detect 💡sensation and 💡control movements, physiological processes, and intellect
● Responds to 💡stimuli by activating muscles & glands

A

Nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Composed of the 💡heart and blood vessels
● The 💡heart pumps blood
● Blood vessels 💡transport blood throughout the body
● 💡Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body

A

Cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Composed of 💡red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
● Picks up 💡fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
● 💡Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
● Houses 💡white blood cells involved with 💡immunity
● Removes 💡foreign substances from the blood and lymph

● Maintain 💡tissue fluid balance, and absorb fat from the digestive tract

A

Lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Composed of the 💡nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
● Keeps blood supplied with 💡oxygen and removes 💡carbon dioxide between blood and air
● Regulate the 💡blood pH

A

Respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Composed of the 💡oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, and pancreas
● 💡Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
● Eliminates 💡indigestible foodstuff as feces

A

Digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Composed of 💡kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
● Eliminates 💡nitrogenous wastes from the body
● 💡Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the
bloo

A

Urinary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Composed of 💡prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
● Main function is the 💡production of offspring
● Testes produce 💡sperm and 💡male sex hormones
● Ducts and glands 💡deliver sperm to the female
reproductive tract

A

Male reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Composed of 💡mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
● Main function is the 💡production of offspring
● Ovaries produce 💡eggs and 💡female sex hormones
● Remaining structures serve as 💡sites for fertilization and
💡development of the fetus
● Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

A

Female reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A common visual reference point
● Person stands erect with feet together and eyes
forward
● Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away
from the body

A

Anatomical Position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

💡Toward and 💡away from the head, respectively

● The head is superior to the abdomen
● The navel is inferior to the chin

A

Superior and Inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

💡Toward the front and 💡back of the body, respectively

● The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
● The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

A

Anterior and Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

💡Toward the midline, 💡away from the midline, and 💡between a more medial and lateral structure, respectively
● The heart is medial to the arm
● The arms are lateral to the chest
● The collarbone is intermediate between breastbone
and shoulder

A

Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

💡Closer to and 💡farther from the origin of the body, respectively
● The elbow is proximal to the wrist
● The knee is distal to the thigh

A

Proximal and Distal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

💡Toward and 💡away from the 💡body surface, respectively
● The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles.
● The lungs are deep to the skin.

A

Superficial and Deep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Head, neck, and trunk

A

Axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Appendages or limb

A

Appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

💡Divides the body into 💡right and 💡left parts

A

Sagittal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

💡Sagittal plane that lies on the midline.

A

Midsagittal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

💡Divides the body into 💡anterior and 💡posterior parts

A

Frontal or Coronal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

💡Divides the body into 💡superior and 💡inferior parts.

A

Transverse or Horizontal (cross section)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cuts made 💡diagonally

A

Oblique section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Movement that 💡decreases the angle movement of the joint

A

Flexion (Bend/Flex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

💡Bending of the neck or body toward the 💡right or 💡left side.

A

Lateral Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Movement of the foot toward the 💡plantar surface (sole of the foot) as we are 💡standing on the toes.

A

Plantar Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Movement of the foot 💡toward the shin, as we walk on the 💡heels.

A

Dorsiflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Movement that 💡increases the angle movement of the joint.

A

Extension (Straighten/Extend)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

💡Abnormal or excessive extension of a joint 💡beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury.

A

Hyperextension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Types of joints where flexion and extension movements take place:

A

● Hinge – Ex. Elbow and Knee
● Ball and Socket - Ex. Shoulder
● Saddle - Ex. MCP joint of the thumb
● Condyloid - Ex. Hand MCP joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

💡UP AND DOWN movements that occur about a transverse axis through a joint

A

SAGITTAL PLANE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Moving the body part 💡away or 💡towards an 💡imaginary center line.

A

FRONTAL PLANE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

(to take away)- moving the body part 💡away from the midline.

A

Abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

(to bring together)- moving it 💡towards the midline.

A

Adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Occurs about a 💡longitudinal (vertical) axis 💡passing through a joint and through the length of the bone distal to it.

A

Rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The 💡turning of a structure around its long axis, as 💡shaking the head “no”. A 💡uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the only motion allowed at a __.

A

Pivot joint

46
Q

Involves a 💡torsion of the distal bone so that the 💡reference point is moved 💡anteriorly or 💡medially toward the body midline.

A

Internal rotation (Medial rotation)

47
Q

The reference point is moved 💡posteriorly or 💡laterally, away from the midline.

A

External rotation (Lateral rotation)

48
Q

__ must be identified on the lateral aspect of the distal bone. (Ex. The flexed forearm can indicate this reference point.)

A

Reference points

49
Q 
It is a combination of the actions of (in order) :
○ Flexion
○ Abduction 
○ Extension 
○ Adduction
  • This is a composite action, involving two axes of rotation:
    1. Transverse axis
    2. Antero-posterior axis and both actions are allowed at each axis.
A

Circumduction

50
Q

(Palm facing 💡downward) - movement of 💡crossing the radius over the ulna.
● This results in the 💡dorsal surface of the hand turning forward or prone.
● The palm of the hand 💡faces backward and the radius and ulna form an 💡X-shape.

A

PRONATION

51
Q

(Palm facing 💡forward)
It is the 💡opposite action of pronation, wherein the radius is uncrossed and the palmar surface of the hand is returned to the 💡anatomical position, (forward).

A

SUPINATION

52
Q

The __ stays in place when the hands abduct or adduct.

A

3rd digit

53
Q

It is a special action of the hand, whereby the 💡thumb and little finger are brought around to 💡touch the fingertips.

A

OPPOSITION

54
Q

This movement is produced at the(1)__, which is a (2)__ formed between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone. Thumb opposition is produced by a combination of (3)__ of the thumb at this joint.

A

(1) first carpometacarpal joint
(2) saddle joint
(3) flexion and abduction

55
Q

The fingers 💡return to their anatomical position.

A

REPOSITION

56
Q

Two specialized actions allowed for the foot:

A

One Pair at Ankle Joint:
PLANTAR FLEXION
DORSIFLEXION

Other Pair at Subtalar Joint:
EVERSION
INVERSION

57
Q

Tipping the sole of the foot 💡downward, 💡increasing the angle between the foot and leg

A

PLANTAR FLEXION

58
Q

Tipping the 💡upper surface

(dorsum) of the foot toward the 💡anterior surface of the leg, 💡decreases angle between foot and leg.

A

DORSIFLEXION

59
Q

Turning sole of the foot 💡outward, 💡away from the midline.

A

EVERSION

60
Q

Turning the sole of the foot 💡inward, towards the 💡opposite foot.

A

INVERSION

61
Q

Movement in which a structure, such as the 💡mandible, 💡glides anteriorly. Occurs when the 💡shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball.

“TO MOVE FORWARD”

A

PROTRACTION

62
Q

”TO MOVE BACKWARD”

The structure 💡glides posteriorly. The 💡opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column.

A

RETRACTION

63
Q

“LOWER OR MOVES A PART
INFERIORLY”

Depressing the shoulders when standing at ease, the upper eyelid when closing the eye, or pulling the tongue away from the palate. Movement of a structure in an 💡inferior direction (ex. Opening the mouth). The downward movement of the scapula or mandible and shoulder

A

DEPRESSION

64
Q

”RAISE OR MOVE A PART SUPERIORLY”

Elevating the shoulders when shrugging, the upper eyelid when opening the eye, or the tongue when pushing it up against the palate (roof of mouth). Movement of a structure in a 💡superior direction (ex. Closing the mouth). The upward movement of the scapula or mandible and shoulder.

A

ELEVATION

65
Q

“💡SIDE TO SIDE MOVEMENT OF MANDIBLE”

A

EXCURSION

66
Q

To move mandibles 💡away from midline

A

Lateral Excursion

67
Q

Return the mandible to its 💡resting position.

A

Medial Excursion

68
Q

💡Encloses and 💡protects the organs of nervous system, brain and spinal cord

A

DORSAL CAVITY

69
Q

Within the skull and 💡encases the brain

A

Cranial cavity

70
Q

Within the vertebral column and 💡encases the spinal cord.

A

Vertebral cavity

71
Q

Houses the 💡internal organs(viscera)

A

VENTRAL CAVITY

72
Q

Two subdivisions of Ventral Cavity

A

Thoracic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

73
Q

Superior to abdominopelvic cavity, it is subdivided into: Pleural and Pericardial Cavity

A

Thoracic cavity

74
Q

Each encloses a 💡lung.

A

Pleural cavities

75
Q

Contains the 💡pericardial cavity, and surrounds other 💡thoracic organs (thymus, trachea, esophagus).

A

Mediastinum

76
Q

Encloses the 💡heart

A

Pericardial cavity

77
Q

Separated from the superior thoracic cavity by dome-shaped 💡diaphragm.

It is subdivided into: Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

78
Q

Contains 💡abdominal viscera and 💡peritoneal cavity and houses stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

A

Abdominal Cavity

79
Q

It lies with the abdominal cavity, contains 💡peritoneal cavity and houses bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

A

Pelvic cavity

80
Q

It is 💡a slit-like space lined by 💡serous

membranes: Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum

A

SEROUS CAVITIES

81
Q

These are membranes 💡lining the pleural cavity. (LUNGS)

A

Pleura

82
Q

These are membranes lining the 💡pericardial cavity. (HEART)

A

Pericardium

83
Q

These are membranes lining 💡abdominopelvic cavity. (DIGESTIVE ORGANS & GLANDS)

A

Peritoneum

84
Q

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES:

A

○ Parietal Serosa – covers the body wall
○ Visceral Serosa – covers internal organs.
○ Serous Fluid– separates the serosa.

85
Q

Pleural fluid collection

A

Thoracentesis

86
Q

Peritoneal fluid collection

A

Paracentesis

87
Q

Pericardial fluid collection

A

Pericardiocentesis

88
Q

Abdominal regions:

A

● Right Hypochondriac Region

a) Liver
b) Gallbladder

● Epigastric Region
a) Stomach

● Left Hypochondriac Region
a) Diaphragm

● Right Lumbar Region
a) Ascending colon or large intestine

● Umbilical Region
a) Small intestine

● Left Lumbar Region
a) Descending colon or the large intestine

● Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region

a) Cecum
b) Appendix

● Hypogastric Region (Pubic)
a) Urinary Bladder

● Left Iliac (Inguinal) Region
a) Initial Part of Sigmoid Colon

89
Q

ABDOMINAL QUADRANT

A

1) Right Upper Quadrant
2) Left Upper Quadrant
3) Right Lower Quadrant
4) Left lower Quadrant

90
Q

EPIGASTRIC REGION

A 
Stomach 
Liver
Pancreas
Duodenum
Spleen
Adrenal glands
91
Q

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Small intestine

92
Q

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

A

Spleen
Colon
Left Kidney
Pancreas

93
Q

UMBILICAL REGION

A

Umbilicus (Navel)
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum

94
Q

RIGHT LUMBAR REGION

A

Gallbladder
Liver
Right Colon

95
Q

LEFT LUMBAR REGION

A

Descending colon

Left Kidney

96
Q

HYPOGASTRIC REGION

A

Urinary bladder
Sigmoid Colon
Female/Male Reproductive Organs

97
Q

RIGHT ILIAC REGION

A

Appendix

Cecum

98
Q

LEFT ILIAC REGION

A

Descending Colon

Sigmoid Colon

99
Q

Examination of small structures through the microscope

A

Microscopy

100
Q

● Illuminates tissue with a beam of light

● Lower magnification so there are less structures to see

A

LIGHT MICROSCOPE

101
Q

Uses 💡beams of electrons (higher magnification)

A

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

102
Q

Uses 💡heavy metal salt stain that 💡deflects electrons

in the beam to different extents

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy

103
Q

It is also known as 💡Applied Anatomy

Emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and allied health sciences.

A

CLINICAL ANATOMY

104
Q

● 💡Highly penetrating beam of X-rays transilluminates the patient, showing tissues of differing densities of mass within the body as images of differing intensities
● 💡Electromagnetic waves of very 💡short length
● Best for visualizing 💡bones and 💡abnormal dense
structures
● A tissue or organ that is relatively dense in mass (e.g., compact bone) absorbs or reflects more X-rays (radiopaque) than does a less dense tissue (e.g., spongy bone) (radiolucent).

A

X-RAY

105
Q

○ Body is probed with 💡pulses of high-frequency sound waves that 💡echo off the body’s tissues
○ Most commonly used to determine the 💡age of a developing fetus
○ 💡Least invasive (safest) of the imaging techniques, therefore you can use them in fetal check-ups
○ Advantage: produce 💡real-time images, demonstrating motion of structures and flow within blood vessels.

A

SONOGRAPHY (ULTRASOUND IMAGING)

106
Q

○ Provides an unobstructed view of 💡small arteries
○ Type of cinefluoroscopy where you 💡inject a dye to the vessel to see the flow of the dye to the arteries.
○ Identifies 💡blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain or anywhere in the body

A

DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGING (DSA)

107
Q

○ Takes 💡successive X-rays around a person’s full circumference
○ Resemble 💡transverse anatomical sections
○ Translates recorded information into a
detailed picture of the body section

A

COMPUTED(AXIAL) TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (CT/CAT)

108
Q

○ Produces high-quality images of 💡soft tissues

○ It distinguishes 💡body tissues based on relative water content

A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

109
Q

○ Forms images by detecting 💡radioactive isotopes injected into the body
○ Used to evaluate the 💡physiologic function of organs, such as the brain, on a dynamic basis.
○ Areas of 💡increased brain activity will show 💡selective uptake of the injected isotope.
○ Demonstrates all the areas actively producing abnormal tissues

A

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (PET)

110
Q

○ Provide information about the distribution or concentration of trace amounts of 💡radioactive substances
○ Scans show images of specific organs after intravenous (IV) injection of a small dose of radioactive material
○ Radionuclide is tagged to a compound that is selectively taken up by an organ, eg. technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) for bone scanning.

A

NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGING

GROSS ANATOMY (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions