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GROSS ANATOMY > Bones Of The Upper Limbs > Flashcards

Bones Of The Upper Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

It is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles:

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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2
Q

It is a girdle that attaches the 💡upper limbs to

the trunk

A

Pectoral girdle

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3
Q

It is a girdle attaches the lower limbs to the

trunk

A

Pelvic girdle

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4
Q

Pectoral girdle consist of the:

A

Clavicle and scapula

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5
Q

Medial end of each clavicle articulates with

the __ and __.

A

manubrium and first rib

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6
Q

It serves as a moveable, 💡crane-like strut

Forms one of the bony boundaries of the 💡cervico-axillary canal, and 💡protects the neurovascular bundle of the upper limb
Transmits 💡shocks from the upper limb to the axial skeleton
💡No medullary cavity
💡First bone in humans to ossify (5TH to 6TH month), and 💡last to be fully-formed
One of the 💡most commonly fractured long bones

A

Clavicle (collar bone)

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7
Q

These are the ligament attaches to clavicle:

A

Conoid Ligament
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Trapezoid Ligament

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8
Q

It is a ligament which is attached at the 💡conoid tubercle; near the 💡acromial end of the clavicle

A

Conoid Ligament

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9
Q

It is a ligament that 💡suspends the scapula from the clavicle

A

Coracoclavicular Ligament

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10
Q

It is a ligament attached to the 💡trapezoid line; near the 💡acromial end of the clavicle

A

Trapezoid Ligament

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11
Q

These are the muscle attachments for the clavicle (shaft):

A 

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Pectoralis major muscle

Subclavius muscle
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12
Q

It is the site of attachment of the 💡subclavius muscle; in the 💡medial third of the shaft of the clavicle

A

Subclavian Groove

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13
Q

It is a muscle attachment of the clavicle’s medial point of attachment of the deltoid

A

Deltoid Tubercle

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14
Q

After fracture of the clavicle, this muscle elevates the medial fragment of bone.

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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15
Q

This muscle is unable to hold the lateral fragment up owing to the weight of the upper limb and thus the shoulder drops.

A

trapezius muscle

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16
Q

The lateral fragment of the clavicle may be pulled medially by the __ of the arm, such as the pectoralis major.

A

adductor muscles

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17
Q

GRADING SYSTEM FOR FRACTURES

ALLMAN

A

o Group 1 (Midshaft)
• Conservative treatment (i.e.,
shoulder sling for 4-6 weeks) most
common

o Group 2 (Lateral)
• Stable fractures - conservative
treatment
• Unstable fractures - surgical fixation

o Group 3 (Medial)
• Conservative treatment

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18
Q

It is a 💡triangular flat bone that lies on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax

It articulates with the 💡acromial extremity of the clavicle and the head of the humerus

A

SCAPULA or SHOULDER BLADE

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19
Q

These are the borders of the scapula:

A

SUPERIOR BORDER

MEDIAL BORDER

LATERAL BORDER

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20
Q

It is the 💡thinnest and shortest of the borders

It is marked near the junction of its medial two thirds and lateral third by the 💡suprascapular notch

A

SUPERIOR BORDER

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21
Q

It runs parallel (approx. 5cm lateral) to the

💡spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae; hence, 💡“vertebral border”

A

MEDIAL BORDER

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22
Q

It runs supero-laterally toward the 💡apex of
the axilla; hence, 💡“axillary border”

It is composed of a 💡thick bar of bone that
prevents buckling of the scapula

It ends in the 💡truncated lateral angle of the scapula, which is the 💡thickest part of the bone and bears the head of the scapula

A

LATERAL BORDER

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23
Q

These are the ANGLES OF SCAPULA:

A

Superior angle
Inferior angle
Lateral angle

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24
Q

This angle of the scapula is formed by the junction

of the 💡superior and medial borders

A

Superior Angle

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25
Q

This angle of the scapula formed by the junction

of the 💡medial and lateral borders

A

Inferior angle

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26
Q

This angle of the scapula formed by the 💡superior

and lateral borders

A

LATERAL ANGLE

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27
Q

These are the BODY OF SCAPULA:

A

DORSAL SURFACE

COSTAL SURFACE

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28
Q

It is a body of the scapula which is 💡unevenly divided by the 💡thick bony, spine of the scapula

A

DORSAL SURFACE

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29
Q

It is a body of the scapula which is a 💡concave depression forms the large 💡subscapular fossa

A

COSTAL SURFACE

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30
Q

These are the SPINE OF SCAPULA:

A

SUPRASPINOUS SPINE

INFRASPINOUS SPINE

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31
Q

It is a spine of the scapula which is 💡smaller, troughlike area superior to the spine

It provides 💡attachment for supraspinatus muscle, one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff

A

SUPRASPINOUS SPINE

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32
Q

It is a spine of the scapula which is much 💡larger than the supraspinous fossa

It provides 💡attachment to the infraspinatus muscle

A

INFRASPINOUS SPINE

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33
Q

It 💡receives and articulates with the 💡head of the humerus at the 💡glenohumeral joint

Shallow, concave, and oval

A

Glenoid cavity

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34
Q

Broad, flat lateral extension of the scapula

💡Arches over the glenohumeral joint and
💡articulates with the clavicle

A

Acromion

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35
Q

💡“Crow’s beak”

Small 💡hook-like structure on the lateral edge portion of the scapula

💡Stabilizes acromioclavicular joint

A

CORACOID PROCESS

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36
Q

It is the largest and strongest bone of upper limb

A

Humerus

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37
Q

ARTICULATIONS of the Humerus:

A

With the scapula at the 💡glenohumeral joint.

The radius and ulna at the 💡elbow joint.

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38
Q

These are the three parts of the humerus:

A

A. Proximal end
B. Shaft
C. Distal end

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39
Q

It is the thickest and stoutest part of the humerus bone.

A

PROXIMAL END OF THE HUMERUS

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40
Q

The PROXIMAL END OF THE HUMERUS consists of:

A

Head
Greater Tuberosity
Lesser Tuberosity

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41
Q

It is the 1/3 of a sphere and is covered with 💡articular cartilage.

Directed proximally, medially, and slightly dorsally, and rests in the 💡glenoid cavity of the scapula.

A

HUMERAL HEAD

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42
Q

It separates the head of the humerus from the tubercles laterally is a 💡shallow groove, which fades away on the surface of the bone inferiorly.

It serves for the 💡attachment of the capsule of the shoulder joint

A

ANATOMICAL NECK

43
Q

It is a region that is between the 💡expanded proximal part of the humerus and the shaft.

💡Axillary nerve

Posterior 💡circumflex humeral artery

💡Weaker than other proximal regions, 💡one of the sites where humerus commonly fractures.

A

SURGICAL NECK

44
Q

It is at the 💡lateral margin of the humerus.

Proximal surface forms a 💡quadrant, which is subdivided into three more or less smooth areas of unequal size that serves as 💡attachment of 3 rotator cuff muscles.

A

GREATER TUBERCLE

45
Q

It projects anteriorly from the humeral bone

It forms a 💡pronounced elevation, which fades into the shaft distally.

Laterally it forms the prominent 💡medial lip of
the inter-tubercular groove.

A

LESSER TUBERCLE

46
Q

Anteriorly the greater tubercle is 💡separated

from the lesser tubercle by a 💡well-defined furrow.

A

BICIPITAL GROOVE (inter-tubercular groove)

47
Q

This ligament 💡stretches across the bicipital groove between the two tubercles, thus converting the groove into a canal.

A

Transverse Humeral Ligament

48
Q

Lodged in this bicipital canal are the:

A
  1. Tendon of the long head of the biceps
  2. Ascending articular branch of the anterior
    circumflex artery of the humerus
49
Q

Inter-tubular groove continues downward and slightly medially on the anterior portion of the shaft.

A

SHAFT OF THE HUMERUS

50
Q

It is a groove in the shaft of the humerus for 💡radial nerve and 💡profunda brachii artery

A

Radial groove

51
Q

It is a rough, slightly elevated 💡V-shaped surface, placed on the lateral anterior surface of the humeral shaft about its middle.

A

DELTOID TUBEROSITY

52
Q

It is somewhat flattened distally, where the whole humeral shaft tends to incline forwards.

o The 💡medial epicondyle is grooved for the passage of the 💡ulnar nerve.
o The lateral supplies an origin for the 💡anconeus muscle.
o It includes the trochlea, capitulum, olecranon, coronoid, and radial fossae which makes up the condyles of the humerus.

A

Distal half

53
Q

These are the fractures of the humerus:

A 
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted
Segmental
54
Q

It is the 💡more prominent of the two epicondyles

A

Medial Epicondyle

55
Q

The medial epicondyle furnishes a surface for the origin of the:

A
  • pronator teres

* superficial flexor muscles of the forearm

56
Q

It is an epicondyle that serves for the attachment of the 💡common tendon of origin of the 💡extensor muscles of the forearm.

A

Lateral Epicondyle

57
Q

The condyle has two articular surfaces:

A

A lateral capitulum (L. little head) for articulation with the head of the radius, and a medial, spool-shaped or pulley-like trochlea.

58
Q

It articulates with the proximal surface of the
💡head of the radius.

Proximal to it, in front, is a 💡shallow depression (radial fossa), into which the margin of the head of the radius sinks when the elbow is strongly flexed.

A

CAPITULUM

59
Q

It articulates with the 💡olecranon process of the ulna.

A

Trochlea

60
Q

It is immediately 💡proximal to the trochlea, is a depression, into which the 💡coronoid process of the ulna slips in 💡flexion of the joint.

A

Coronoid Fossa

61
Q

In a corresponding position on the 💡posterior aspect of the distal end of the body there is a 💡hollow where the 💡olecranon process of ulna sinks when the elbow is 💡extended.

A

Olecranon Fossa

62
Q

Because of the 💡coronoid fossa being located directly opposite the olecranon fossa, this part of the distal humerus is 💡paper thin and predisposes it to fractures.

A

SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURE

63
Q

It is the region between 💡elbow and wrist

Consists of 💡Radius and Ulna

💡Proximally articulates with humerus and 💡distally with carpals.

Radius and Ulna are interconnected by a ligament called 💡Interosseous Membrane.

Radius on the 💡lateral side whereas ulna at 💡medial side (Anatomical position).

A

Forearm

64
Q

It is the 💡lateral (anatomical position) and 💡shorter of the two forearm bones.

A

Radius

65
Q

The superior surface of the radial head articulates with the __.

A

capitulum

66
Q

Medially the radial head articulates with the __ of the ulna.

A

radial notch

67
Q

The radial bone consists of a:

A

o Proximal End
o Body
o Expanded Distal End

68
Q

It region of the radial proximal end that has a 💡shallow concave surface proximally for 💡articulation with the capitulum.

It is embraced by the 💡Annular Ligament

A

Radial Head

69
Q

It is a 💡constriction distal to the radial head

A

Radial Neck

70
Q

It is a 💡 oval prominence on the medial side of the radial proximal end.

A

Radial tuberosity

71
Q

💡Narrow proximally and 💡broader distally

💡Interosseous border

💡Anterior Oblique Line on the anterior surface. Posteriorly there is less distinct oblique line compared to anterior surface.

A

Radial body

72
Q

It is a region of the radial bone which is 💡triangular in shape

It has 💡two facets for articulation with carpals (💡scaphoid and 💡lunate)

A

Radial Distal End

73
Q

Prominent and turned forwards and rough at its edge

It is a region of the radial distal end which serves for the attachment of the 💡anterior part of the capsule of the wrist joint.

A

ANTERIOR BORDER

74
Q

It is a region of the radial distal end that has a large 💡Dorsal Tubercle

It acts as a 💡pulley for the tendon of the 💡Extensor Pollicis Longus

A

POSTERIOR SURFACE

75
Q

It lies to the 💡lateral side of the radial distal end

It is broad at its base, narrow and pointed distally

A

STYLOID PROCESS

76
Q

It is a region in the radial distal end on the medial side for the 💡reception of the head of the ulna

A

ULNAR NOTCH

77
Q

It is a fracture seen on the medial side for the 💡reception of the head of the ulna (ulnar notch)

A

COLLE’S FRACTURE

78
Q

It is the 💡stabilizing bone of the forearm and is the 💡 medial (anatomical position) and 💡longer of the two forearm bones

Main bone responsible for forming the 💡elbow joint with the humerus

A

Ulna

79
Q

The ulna consists of a:

A

o Large proximal end supporting the Olecranon and Coronoid processes

o Body or Shaft tapering distally

o Small rounded distal end called the HEAD

80
Q

It is a region in the ulnar proximal end where it projects proximally from its posterior aspect (forming the 💡point of the elbow)

It serves as a 💡short lever for extension of the elbow

A

OLECRANON PROCESS

81
Q

It is a region in the ulnar proximal end which is a 💡💡bracket like process, which projects forwards from the anterior and proximal part of the shaft

A

CORONOID PROCESS

82
Q

§ nearly straight, or slightly curved

§ stout and thick proximally

§ gradually tapering towards its

§ distal extremity

A

Ulnar body or shaft

83
Q

These are the 3 BORDERS of the ulnar body:

A

o Interosseous - crisp and sharp in the proximal three-fourths of the body, becomes faint and ill-defined in the distal fourth

o Posterior - curves laterally above and slightly medially below; continuous proximally with the triangular subcutaneous
area on the back of the olecranon process

o Anterior

84
Q

These are the 3 SURFACES of the ulnar body:

A

o Anterior - corresponds to the front and medial side of the body.

o Posterior-lies between the posterior border and the interosseous crest

o Medial

85
Q

It is a region in the ulnar distal end which is a 💡cylindrical pointed process that projects from the medial and posterior aspect

A

STYLOID PROCESS

86
Q

See the human anatomy atlas for the clavicle

A

See the human anatomy atlas for the clavicle

87
Q

The bones of the hand are 💡cartilaginous at birth. The 💡capitate begins to ossify during the 💡first year, and the others begin to ossify at intervals thereafter until the 💡12th year, when all the bones are ossified.

A

Hand

88
Q

The hand includes the following bones:

A

o Carpus-wrist
o Metacarpals-palm
o Phalanges-fingers

89
Q

It forms the wrist - the proximal region of the hand.

💡Gliding movements occur between carpals

Composed of 💡eight marble-sized bones

These carpus bones present on their anterior surface a concavity, to the lateral and medial edges of which is attached a strong membranous band called the 💡Flexor Retinaculum

An 💡Osteofascial tunnel, the carpal tunnel, is formed for the passage of the 💡median nerve and the flexor tendons of the fingers.

Carpal bones – arranged in two irregular rows
o Proximal row
o Distal row

A

Carpals

90
Q

These are the CARPALS OF PROXIMAL ROW:

mnemonic: So Long To Pinky

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform

91
Q

These are the CARPALS OF DISTAL ROW:

mnemonic: Here Comes The Thumb

A

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

92
Q

It is a carpal of proximal row that is a 💡boat-shaped

It is the 💡largest and the 💡most lateral bone of the first row

It has a 💡prominent tubercle on its lateral palmar surface that is directed anteriorly

It is the 💡most frequently fractured wrist bone

A

SCAPHOID

93
Q

It is usually caused by fall on outstretched hand with impact on 💡thenar eminence

Managed by: 💡Thumb Spica Cast and 💡Open reduction with bone grafting

Most common site: 💡middle third (waist)of scaphoid

Clinical findings: Pain, tenderness, and swelling in anatomic snuffbox

A

SCAPHOID FRACTURE

94
Q

It is a carpal of proximal row that is 💡crescent shape.

💡Deeply excavated form

Lies between the 💡scaphoid on the lateral side and the 💡triquetrum on the medial side

A

Lunate

95
Q

It is a carpal of proximal row which is 💡three-sided bone or 💡pyramidal bone on the medial side of the carpus

With a 💡small oval or circular facet for the pisiform on its anterior surface

A

TRIQUETRIUM

96
Q

It is a carpal of proximal row which is about the size and shape of a 💡large pea

It rests on the 💡anterior surface of the triquetrum, with which it articulates by an 💡oval or circular facet on its dorsal aspect

A

PISIFORM

97
Q

It is a carpal of the distal row which is 💡irregular four-sided

It is the 💡most lateral bone of the distal row of the carpus

It is 💡oval saddle-shaped facet on its distal surface for articulation with the metacarpal bone of the thumb

A

Trapezium

98
Q

It is a carpal of the distal row that is a 💡wedge-shaped bone that 💡trapezium.

It’s rough anterior surface is small
It has a 💡pentagonal in outline

A

Trapezoid

99
Q

It is a carpal of the distal row with a 💡head-shaped bone with a rounded extremity

It is the 💡largest of the carpal bones

Its anterior surface is rough and rounded

The proximal portion of the bone forms the 💡head

A

CAPITATE

100
Q

It is a carpal of the distal row with a 💡hook-like process called 💡Hamulus, which projects from the distal and medial aspect of its anterior surface

A

Hamate

101
Q

Five metacarpals radiate distally from the wrist to form the palm

o Numbered 1–5, beginning with the 💡Pollex (thumb)
o Bases articulate 💡proximally with the distal row of carpals
o Heads articulate 💡distally with the proximal phalanges

The first metacarpal bone of the thumb is the 💡shortest and 💡most mobile

A

Metacarpals

102
Q

Each hand contains __ called PHALANGES

A

14 miniature long bones

103
Q

They are the bones of the digits.

Thumb has no middle phalanx

A

Phalanges

104
Q

Each finger has 3 phalanges:

A

PROXIMAL PHALANX
• 💡Longest and stoutest of the three

MIDDLEPHALANX
• Resembles the first in general form, but is of 💡smaller size

DISTAL PHALANX
• Smallest of the three
• 💡Spatula-shaped

GROSS ANATOMY (8 decks)

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