Motor Learning Theory and Neuroplasticity

Question 1

what is the difference between performance and learning

Answer 1

performance - temporary change in behavior

learning - permanent change tested by retention

Question 2

how is skill defined

Answer 2

skill is defined operationally per task

Question 3

does variable or constant practice lead to better learning?

Answer 3

variable - think multiplication table demo

Question 4

what distinguishes the cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages of motor learning from each other

Answer 4

• end of cognitive marked by choosing a strategy
• associative stage is one chosen stage without marked improvement
• autonomous stage - minimal attention required

Question 5

the systems three stage model is divided into three stages based on what

Answer 5

releasing degrees of freedom with motor learning

Question 6

describe gentiles two-stage model

Answer 6

• 1st stage explicit - develop understanding of task
• 2nd stage implicit - refine the movement

Question 7

what are the two basic forms of long-term memory

Answer 7

nondeclarative implicit and declarative explicit

Question 8

what are the three domains of nondeclarative implicit form of long term memory?

Answer 8

• nonassociative
• associative
• procedural (learn by doing)

Question 9

what are the two domains of declarative explicit form of long-term memory

Answer 9

facts and events

Question 10

reflex pathways are responsible for what type of motor learning

Answer 10

nonassociative - nondeclarative (implicit)

Question 11

the amygdala, cerebellum, deep cerebellar nuclei, and premotor cortex are responsible for which type of motor learning

Answer 11

associative nondeclarative (implicit)

Question 12

the striatum is responsible for which type of motor learning

Answer 12

procedural nondeclarative (implicit)

Question 13

the medial temporal lobes, sensory cortex, and hippocampus are responsbile for which type of motor learning

Answer 13

declarative

Question 14

what is learning by habituation or sensitization?

Answer 14

implicit nonassociative

Question 15

pavlov’s dog (classical conditioning) and operant condition are what…

Answer 15

implicit associative learning

Question 16

use-dependent learning changes what part of the CNS

Answer 16

motor cortices, sensory cortices, and spinal ccord

Question 17

learning from movement errors via motor adaptation changes what part of the CNS

Answer 17

cerebellum

Question 18

learning from reinforcement and reward changes what part of the CNS

Answer 18

BG

Question 19

learning from instruction/strategy based learning and practice changes what part of the CNS

Answer 19

pre-frontal cortex

Question 20

definte recovery v compensation

Answer 20

• recovery - restoring pre-injury manner of movement/task performance
• compensation - encouraging/teaching a substitution

Question 21

does recovery or compensation result in neuroplasticity?

Answer 21

both - may be adaptive or maladaptive

Question 22

finish the statement: “CONSTANT, blocked practice is more likely to lead to ______ improvements, but VARIABLE, random practice is more likely to lead to sustained _______”

Answer 22

performance, learning