Organization of Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of structure of the body.

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2
Q

The function of a tissue/organ is closely linked to its ______.

A

Structure

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3
Q

Define physiology.

A

The study of biological function.

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4
Q

Layers of the body from smallest to largest. (5 layers)

A

Cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism

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5
Q

Define what a cell is and state their functions.

A

Simplest structural units of multicellular organism.

1) Exchange materials with their environment
2) Obtain energy from organic nutrients
3) Synthesize complex molecules
4) Duplicate themselves
5) Detect and respond to signals in their immediate environment

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6
Q

Define Cell Differentiation.

A

Cells specialize to perform certain functions.

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7
Q

Name the four broad types of differentiated cells and provide an example of each.

A

1) Muscle cells (myocytes): skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells
2) Neural cells (neurons): afferent neurons, inter neurons, motor neurons
3) Epithelial cells: skin tissue cells
4) Connective tissue cells: blood cells

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8
Q

Define what a tissue is.

A

A tissue is an aggregate of differentiated cells with similar properties/functions.

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9
Q

Name the four general types of tissues.

A

1) Muscle tissue
2) Nervous tissue
3) Epithelial tissue
4) Connective tissue

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10
Q

What are muscle cells specialized to do?

A

Generate mechanical force by contraction.

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11
Q

Skeletal muscles are muscles that are activated _______. (Under _______ control).

A

Voluntary. Conscious.

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12
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscles are activated ________. (Under ________ control).

A

Involuntarily. Unconscious.

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13
Q

What are neurons specialized to do?

A

Initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells.

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14
Q

What are epithelial cells specialized to do?

A

Specialized for selective secretion, absorption of ions and organic molecules, and protection.

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15
Q

Define a simple epithelium.

A

One cell-thick layer.

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16
Q

Define a stratified epithelium.

A

Multiple layers of cells.

17
Q

What are connective tissue cells specialized to do?

A

Connect, anchor and support structures of the body.

18
Q

Name 5 types of connective tissues.

A

1) Loose connective tissue
2) Dense connective tissue (I.e. ligaments, tendons)
3) Blood
4) Cartilage
5) Bone

Extra) Adipose tissue

19
Q

What does connective tissue form around cells?

A

The extracellular matrix (ECM).

20
Q

What is the ECM composed of and what is its purpose?

A

Fibrous proteins (I.e. collagen and elastin).

Provides scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits information.

21
Q

Define an organ.

A

A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.

22
Q

Define an organ system.

A

Organs that are linked together to serve an overall function.

23
Q

Why does an organism coordinate the activities of organ systems?

A

To maintain a stable internal environment.

24
Q

If cells can perform their own fundamental activities, why are the functions of the organ systems essential for survival?

A
  • Most cells are isolated from external environment
  • Existence of a stable internal environment made up of fluids in distinct compartments
  • Constant balance between internal fluid compartments is necessary for bodily function
25
Q

What is the “internal sea” that cells exist within made of?

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF).

26
Q

Why are mammals with a closed vascular system compartmentalized?

A

To enable exchange of nutrients and waste.