water and soil resources

Question 1

movement of water
around Earth’s surface
and its subsystems.

Answer 1

Hydrologic cycle

Question 2

are the
places where water
resides for varying
amount of time

Answer 2

Reservoirs

Question 3

are the 
processes that allow 
water to move 
between each 
reservoirs and 
subsystems

Answer 3

Pathways

Question 4

is the evaporation 
of water from the leaves and 
stems of plants, which contributes 
about 10% of the water vapor in 
the atmosphere

Answer 4

transpiration

Question 5

average length of
time spent by water molecule in a
reservoir.

Answer 5

residence time

Question 6

is the saltiness of saltwater

Answer 6

salinity

Question 7

a permanent body of ice (largely of

recrystallized snow)

Answer 7

glaciers

Question 8

is a mass of glacial land ice
extending more than 50,000 km2
(covering
most of Greenland and Antarctica

Answer 8

Ice sheets

Question 9

A soil, rock, or sediment that
is frozen for more than two
consecutive years.

Answer 9

permafrost

Question 10

moving body surface water that flows downslope toward sea level because of gravity.

Answer 10

stream

Question 11

stream has clearly-defined passageway

Answer 11

channels

Question 12

is a stream with a considerable volume and a well-defined channel.

Answer 12

River

Question 13

large inland bodies of fresh or saline

water

Answer 13

lakes

Question 14

are small and shallow lakes

Answer 14

Ponds

Question 15

are barriers constructed along

streams to contain the flow of water

Answer 15

Dams

Question 16

Land areas where water covers the

surface for significant periods

Answer 16

Wetlands

Question 17

type of wetlands

Answer 17

Marsh. swamp and estuary

Question 18

a shallow wetland 
around lakes, 
streams, and 
oceans where 
grasses and reeds 
are the dominant 
vegetation

Answer 18

Marsh

Question 19

wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low-lying areas beside slow-movingrivers.oxygen in the water is typically low and swamp plants and animals are adapted to these low oxygen conditions. Mangrove forests are unique example of swamp ecosystem that tolerates salty condition

Answer 19

Swamp

Question 20

partly enclosed 
coastal body of 
water where 
freshwater from 
stream meets the 
saltwater from the 
sea

Answer 20

Estuary

Question 21

natural event wherein
an area that is usually
dry is submerged
under water.

Answer 21

FLood

Question 22

fresh water found in the rock and soil layers

beneath the surface

Answer 22

groundwater

Question 23

Water-bearing rock layers are called

Answer 23

aquifers

Question 24

is the total amount of empty pore spaces
in the rock. It determines the amount of
groundwater that an aquifer can hold

Answer 24

porosity

Question 25

essential component of the Earth
that enabled life to exist on the
planet and continues to support it

Answer 25

soil

Question 26

s the living skin of
Earth which is a result of the
dynamic interaction among the
major subsystems.

Answer 26

Pedosphere

Question 27

important in soil formation because its
chemistry and type will determine the
kind of soil that will be formed together
with the effects of the other factors.

Answer 27

Parent material

Question 28

temperature, rainfall, and 
moisture affects pattern and 
intensity of soil-forming processes 
(weathering, leaching, 
transportation, and distribution)

Answer 28

Climate

Question 29

gradient of the slope affects water

flow and erosion.

Answer 29

topography

Question 30

plants, animals, microorganisms, and

humans affect soil formation.

Answer 30

Biological factors

Question 31

soil formation is a long and continuous process (hundreds to
thousands years) depending on the climate and environment.

Answer 31

Time

Question 32

refers to absolute soil
losses in terms of
topsoil and nutrients.

Answer 32

Soil Erosion

Question 33

reduces the amount of air, water, and space

available to roots and soil organisms.

Answer 33

Soil compaction

Question 34

characterized by droughts and
arid conditions as a result of
human activities and
exploitation

Answer 34

Desertification

Question 35

led to the use of more machinery, deforestation,

and clearing of land for use in cultivation

Answer 35

Intensive Agriculture

Question 36

ncreasing population → conversion of land
to urban centers (concrete structures)
• represent a significant loss of soil,
particularly because this loss becomes more
or less permanent as soil is sealed with
concrete

Answer 36

Urbanization