Chapter 2 Flashcards
what is acute and chronic non specific inflammation
- acute inflammation: short and contained to specific area. quick repair
- chronic: long lasting, weeks to indefinitely, continual injury to tissue (healing only when cause of injury is removed)
what are 5 clinical signs of local inflammation
- redness/erythema
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of normal tissue function
what are 4 clinical signs of systemic inflammation
- fever
- leukocytosis
- elevated C-reactive protein
- lymphadenopathy
what is the sequence of microscopic events
- injury to tissue
- constriction of microcirculation
- dilation of microcirculation
- increase in permeability
- ‘transudate’ leaves microcirculation (low protein plasma)
- increased blood viscosity
- decreased blood flow
- margination and pavementing of white blood cells (WBCs)
- WBCs enter tissue – emigration (white blood cells escaping blood vessels) and chemotaxis (movement of white blood cells after they escape to go to the injury)
- ‘exudate’ leaves microcirculation (high protein plasma)
- WBCs ingest foreign material – phagocytosis
why does immediate constriction of blood vessels occur
- so clotting can occur
why does dilation of blood vessels occur during inflammation
- aka hyperemia – increased blood flow
- erythema (clinically visible) and heat (hard to assess)
why is there an increase in permeability of blood vessels in inflammation
- outflow of blood plasma and proteins
- into tissue, transudate
what is exudate
- helps dilute injurious agents but results in excess fluid in tissues
what are the 2 types of edema
- serous: clear fluid – plasma (with some WBCs)
2. purulent: pus (tissue debris and many WBCs)
what is suppuration and what does it contain
- production of pus
- contains tissue debris, white blood cells and plasma (causes white colour)
what are the 6 main types of cells involved in the inflammatory process
- neutrophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
- plasma cells
- eosinophils
- mast cells
what are neutrophils
- 60-70% of white blood cells
- multi-nucleated
- first to arrive at injury
- stem cell from bone marrow
- phagocytosis
- lysosomal enzymes
- removed for functional healing
what are monocytes
- circulates in blood
- becomes macrophage once they reach injury tissue
- second to arrive at inflammation
- longer life span than neutrophils
- important to immune response B cells – antigen presentation
what cells are present in chronic inflammation and the immune response
- lymphocytes and plasma cells
what cells are present in the acute inflammation and immune response
- eosinophils and mast cells
