1 - Principle of antimicrobial therapy

Question 1

3 mechanism of selective toxicity?

Answer 1

1. Targets unique component in the pathogen that are not present on the host/patient
2. Targets in the pathogen that are similar but not identical to those in the host
3. Targets in the pathogen that are shared by the host but that vary in importance between pathogen and host

Question 2

3 factors that need to be take into account in the rational use of antimicrobial?

Answer 2

microbe, antimicrobial and patients

Question 3

what is the type of antimicrobial treatment that is given before the infection?

Answer 3

prophylaxis

Question 4

why prophylaxis is given before the infection happen?

Answer 4

prophylaxis treatment is usually used before surgery/procedure to prevent infection

Question 5

what is empirical therapy?

Answer 5

it is an antibiotic therapy that is given by the doctor based on their experience, without knowing precisely what is the microbes that cause the infections

Question 6

3 possible outcome that is gotten by combining the antibiotic are…

Answer 6

Additive, Synergism and Antagonism

Question 7

what are the 6 general mechanism of antimicrobial resistance?

Answer 7

1. Destruction of Antibiotics
2. Reduce drug uptake
3. Overexpression of efflux drug
4. Modification of target sites
5. The use of Alternative Pathway for Metabolic/Growth Requirements
6. Formation of biofilm

Question 8

Why do some antibiotics not give any respond?

Answer 8

• Incorrect antibiotic is prescribed
• Antibiotics is given when patient have viral infections
• Patients itself does not comply to the regimen of drug or choose to treat themselves
• Microorganism already develop resistance

Question 9

5 things to consider in the rational use of antimicrobial are..

Answer 9

Allergy, age, Pre existing diseases/conditions, Pregnancy & nursing and Genetic factors

Question 10

Why drug need to have a good selective toxicity?

Answer 10

a good selective toxicity meaning the drug are able to kill the microbes but does not have toxic/ deleterious effect to the patient

Question 11

what is definitive therapy?

Answer 11

antibiotic therapy given once the lab result reveal the actual pathogen that infect the patient

Question 12

2 major factors that are associated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance are..

Answer 12

1. clinical/environmental practices

2. bacteria undergoing evolution