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psych 275 > Chapter 3-Neurons > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Neurons Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functional units of the nervous system

A

Cells of a nervous system and its internal structures as well as genes, cells, behavior

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2
Q

Golgi debated…

A

The nervous system is composed of a “nerve net”

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3
Q

Cajal debated…

A
  • Nervous system is made of discrete cells
  • Neuron hypothesis-Neurons are the units of brain function
  • Used the Golgi stain to prove his hypothesis
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4
Q

Basic neuron structure

A
  • Cell body
  • Branching extensions called dendrites
  • Axon main root acts as messenger
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5
Q

Neurons

A

Most behaviors are produced by neurons whose functional groups attach to the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

Gather information from other neurons

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7
Q

Cell body

A

The core region with the nucleus that integrates info

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8
Q

Axon

A

Carries info to be passed on to other cells

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9
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Protrusion from the dendrite that greatly increases the surface area and is the usual point of contact with axons from other cells

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10
Q

Axon hillock

A

Space between axon and soma, where an action potential begins

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11
Q

Axon collaterals

A

Branches of an axon

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12
Q

Terminal button

A

Knob at the tip of the axon that conveys information to other neurons; also called the end foot

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13
Q

Synapse

A

Gaps between one neuron and another

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14
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry information from the sensory receptors in or on the body to the spinal cord

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Associate sensory and motor activity within the CNS

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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

Send signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles

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17
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Transmit afferent sensory information from the retina to the neurons that carry info to the brain’s visual centers

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18
Q

Somatosensory dendrite

A

Connects directly to its axon, so the cell body sits to on side of this long pathway

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19
Q

Stellate cell

A

Small-Many dendrites extend from the cell body

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20
Q

Pyramidal cell

A

Has a long axon, a pyramid shaped cell body, and two sets of dendrites

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21
Q

Purkinje cell

A

A distinctive interneuron with extremely branched neurons making a fan shape

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22
Q

Three features of neuronal networkes

A
  • Input
  • Association
  • Output
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23
Q

Describe the language of neurons

A

Neurons receive many excitation and inhibition signals and the sum of these signals are taken and the neuron acts accordingly, becoming active or not

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24
Q

5 types of glial cells

A
  • Ependymal cells
  • Astrocyte
  • Microglial cells
  • Oligodendroglial cells
  • Schwann cells
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25
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Small. ovoid cells found in the walls of the ventricles. Make and secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Buildup of pressure in the brain and swelling of the head caused by the flow of CSF being blocked, leading to intellectual impairment

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27
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped cells that provide structural support for the neurons, transport substances between the neurons and capillaries, play a role in scar forming, and provide fuel for the brain

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28
Q

Microglia

A

Originate in the blood as offshoot of immune system, performs phagocytosis, plays the role of the brains immune system by identifying and attacking foreign tissue, provide growth factors to help repair the brain

29
Q

Oligodendroglial cells

A

Cells in CNS that myelinate axons

30
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that myelinate axons

31
Q

Myelin

A

Glial cells that cover axons

32
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Nervous system disorder caused by loss of myelin

33
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of sensation and movement due to nervous system injury

34
Q

PNS

A

Microglia and Schwann cells that help repair neurons

35
Q

CNS

A

Repair does not take place, regrowth may be inhibited

36
Q

The cell membrane

A

Separates the intercellular and extracellular fluid, regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell, and is made of phospholipids

37
Q

Element

A

Naturally occurring substance

38
Q

Atom

A

Smallest quantity of an element that retains the properties of that element

39
Q

Molecules

A

Formed when atoms bind together

40
Q

Nucleus

A

The cells executive office

41
Q

Chromosome

A

Double helix structure that holds an organisms DNA together and contains genes

42
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that encodes the synthesis of particular proteins, sequence of nucleotides determines what amino acid is made

43
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein structures that act as catalysts for protein synthesis

44
Q

Translation

A

Later phase in protein synthesis in which messenger RNA travels from nucleus to ER. mRNA then translated to form amino acids and then a protein

45
Q

Transcription

A

Early phase in protein synthesis where DNA strands unwind and form a complimentary strand of RNA

46
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three bases of mRNA that code into a particular amino acid

47
Q

Golgi bodies

A

Package proteins in membranes and give them a label indicating where to go

48
Q

Microtubules

A

Transport vesicles to their destination

49
Q

What determines weather a proteins shape can change

A

The precise amino acid sequence

50
Q

Three ways things can cross through the cell membrain

A

Channel, gated channel, or through a pump

51
Q

Medallion genetics

A

Studies how genes influence our traits

52
Q

Chromosome 1-22 vs Chromosome 23

A

Chromosome 1-22 are autosomes, and attribute our physical appearance and behavior, chromosome 23 is a sex chromosome

53
Q

Single Nucleotide polymorphism

A

A change in a single nucleotide

54
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Inherited birth defect caused by recessive allele that causes loss of genes necessary to break down certain fatty substances. Leads to death by about age 5

55
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Motor and cognitive disorder caused by an increase in CAG in chromosome 4, which kills brain cells

56
Q

Genetic disorders result from…

A

A aberration in a entire chromosome rather than a single defective allele

57
Q

Down syndrome

A

Having three copies of chromosome 21 leading to intellectual disability

58
Q

4 ways to modify a gene

A
  • Selective breeding
  • Cloning
  • Transgenic techniques
  • Knockouts
59
Q

Selective breeding

A

Very effective way to alter gene expression with the goal of maintaining spontaneous mutations

60
Q

Cloning

A

Producing an offspring that is genetically identical to another animal

61
Q

Transgenic technique

A

Introduction or removal of genes from an embryo

62
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

The extent of which a brains phenotypes can range with the same genotype is very vast

63
Q

Epigenetics

A

The influence of the environment on the selection of one or another phenotype

64
Q

What two codes allow for gene expression

A
  • DNA

- Epigenetics

65
Q

Histones modification

A

Methyl groups are added to histones allowing them to either be opened up or locked, leading to gene expressioon

66
Q

Gene methylation

A

Methyl groups bind to CG base pairs to block transcription

67
Q

mRNA modification

A

ncRNA bind to mRNA, blocking translation

68
Q

Three types of Epigenetic Mechanisms

A

Histone modification
Gene methylation
mRNA modification

psych 275 (6 decks)

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