Chapter 2: Anatomy

Question 1

Agenesis

Answer 1

The failure of brain regions to develop

Question 2

How does brain plasticity respond to cerebellar agenesis

Answer 2

To compensate for agenesis, the cerebral cortex functions more efficiently

Question 3

What is the brains primary function

Answer 3

To produce behavior

Question 4

Describe neural organization in the brain

Answer 4

The brain is plastic and the neurons have the capacity to change positions and adapt to the world around them

Question 5

Phenoplasticity

Answer 5

Thea ability to change your behaviors or movements

Question 6

Neuroplasticity

Answer 6

Potential for nervous system to change physically or chemically to adapt to an environment

Question 7

Afferent informaton

Answer 7

Incoming information coming to the CNS

Question 8

Efferent information

Answer 8

Information leaving the CNS (movement)

Question 9

Describe the nomenclature of the brain

Answer 9

There is a lack of nomenclature with the brain as many different people and scientists have different names for different things.

Question 10

What frame of reference do we use when looking at the brain in brain body orientation

Answer 10

The face

Question 11

Describe the brain body orientation for humans

Answer 11

Dorsal (top of head), Anterior (Chest), Posterior (back), Ventral (feet), medial (towards the middle), lateral (away from the middle)

Question 12

What frame of reference do we use when looking at the brain in spatial orientation

Answer 12

Other body parts and body orientation

Question 13

What frame of reference do we use when looking at the anatomical orientation

Answer 13

Direction of cut through human brain

Question 14

Coronal section

Answer 14

Cut from a vertical plane, yielding a frontal view of the brains internal structures

Question 15

Horizontal section

Answer 15

Horizontal cut while looking down on the brain

Question 16

Sagittal section

Answer 16

Cut lengthwise from the front, divides brain into symmetrical halves

Question 17

What encases the brain

Answer 17

A triple layered covering known as the meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid for cushioning

Question 18

Three layers of the meninges

Answer 18

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

Question 19

Describe the cerebral geography

Answer 19

The cortex, and four hemispheres divided into cortexes

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital

Question 20

What are gyri

Answer 20

Bumps in the brain

Question 21

What are sulci

Answer 21

Cracks in the brain

Question 22

What is a fissure

Answer 22

A very deep sulcus

Question 23

What is the role of the branstem

Answer 23

Controlling all unconscious behavior

Question 24

Contralateral organization

Answer 24

The right side of the brain controls the left side of the head while the left controls the right

Question 25

What did evolution do

Answer 25

Create adaptations to equip each species with the view of the world it needed to survive

Question 26

How is a stroke caused

Answer 26

An artery that feeds blood to the cerebral hemispheres is blocked

Question 27

Anterior cerebral artery

Answer 27

An artery that comes from the front of the brain and spreads to the entire dorsal part of the brain, going all the way to the back of the brain

Question 28

Middle cerebral artery

Answer 28

Artery begins in the middle and spreads out to the left and right sides of the brain

Question 29

Posterior cerebral artery

Answer 29

Starts at the back of the brain and goes down the ventral side

Question 30

What is grey matter composed of

Answer 30

Cell bodies and blood vessels

Question 31

What is white matter composed of

Answer 31

Lipids (myelin sheathe axons)

Question 32

What is the corpus callosum made up of

Answer 32

White matter axons

Question 33

What are pyramidal cell neurons

Answer 33

Pyramid shaped neurons with many dendrites

Question 34

Glial cells

Answer 34

Supporting cells with more branching dendrites

Question 35

Where are neuron cell bodies located

Answer 35

In the gray matter

Question 36

Prosencephalon

Answer 36

The front brain meant for smell

Question 37

Mesencephalon

Answer 37

Mid brain in charge of vision and hearing

Question 38

Rhombencephalon

Answer 38

Hindbrain controlling balance and movement connected to the spinal cord

Question 39

What does the rhombencephalon divide into for mammalians

Answer 39

Metencephalon (across brain), and the myelencephalon (spinal cord)

Question 40

Spinal cord

Answer 40

Controls most of the body movements , can act independently of the brain, and can perform automatic movements which the brain cannot inhibit.

Question 41

Brainstem

Answer 41

Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull, receives afferent nerves from other parts of the body and sends efferent nerves out to control movements

Question 42

Hindbrain

Answer 42

Evolutionary the oldest part of the brain that contains the cerebellum, reticular formation, pons, and medulla. Controls various automatic functions from balance to breathing

Question 43

Mid brain

Answer 43

Important for producing movements, species specific behavior, and pain perception. The tegmentum in the cross section reveals the nuclei

Question 44

Superior colliculus

Answer 44

Receives visual input

Question 45

Inferior colliculus

Answer 45

Receives auditory input

Question 46

What is the diencephalon and what is it made up of

Answer 46

It is the between brain that integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex, made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Question 47

Hypothalamus

Answer 47

Structure that controls our drives (ie. eating, drinking sexual)

Question 48

Thalamus

Answer 48

Structure that analyzes all information from sensory systems and organizes them and distributes them to appropriate regions of the neocortex

Question 49

HPA

Answer 49

The connections between the hypothalamus and the pituitary stalk and gland.

Question 50

Forebrain

Answer 50

Contains major structures such as basal ganglia, neocortex, limbic system, and allocortex

Question 51

Basal ganglia

Answer 51

Voluntary movement

Question 52

Allocortex

Answer 52

Contains hippocampus and amygdala that control emotional states

Question 53

Cerebral cortex

Answer 53

Contains concentric rings of allocortex and neocortex and takes up most space of the forebrain

Question 54

What does the allocortex have

Answer 54

- Amygdala-Controls anxiety and fear - Cingulate cortex-Emotion formation, learning, memory, linking behavior to motivation - Olfactory system-smell

Question 55

Cortical lobes

Answer 55

Nearly symmetrical lobes that are separated by longitudinal fissure and a central sulcus - Frontal - Parietal - Temporal - Occipital

Question 56

Damaging the frontal leads to

Answer 56

Lack of movement personality change

Question 57

Damaging the parietal

Answer 57

Lack of mapping for tasks

Question 58

Damaging the temporal

Answer 58

Lack of hearing and attention

Question 59

Damaging occipital lobe

Answer 59

Lack of sight

Question 60

Where is the basal ganglia

Answer 60

Below the white matter of the neocortex

Question 61

Diseases associated with the basal ganglia

Answer 61

Parkinson's and Tourette syndrome

Question 62

Somatic nervous system

Answer 62

Nervous system with cranial nerves