Chapter 7

Question 1

Neuropsychology

Answer 1

Study of relationships between brain function and behaviour, with emphasis on humans. Originated from Paul Broca discovering the link between the left frontal lob and language difficulties. Speech associated with Broca’s area

Question 2

Techniques for neuroanatomy

Answer 2

Histological approach was brains sectioned postmortem and tissues stained with different dyes

Question 3

Behavioural neuroscience

Answer 3

Study of the biological bases of behaviour. About connecting anatomy to a behaviour which can be difficult because certain behaviours occur because of multiple processes. If done successfully, anatomy can be a great in targeting treatment as a behaviour can be found in a certain place.

Question 4

Ethology

Answer 4

The objective study of animal behaviour, especially under natural conditions

Question 5

Neuropsychological testing of humans

Answer 5

• People with damage to the temporal lobes often complain of memory disturbance
• Memory is not a single function
• It is rare for someone to be impaired in all forms of memory, so each must be measured seperately

Question 6

Morris behavioural analysis of rodents (swimming task)

Answer 6

Place learning-Rat must find platform using external cues
Matching-to-place learning: Platform is in the same location each trial but a different location each day
Landmark version: Platform is identified by a cue on the wall

Question 7

Skilled reaching test

Answer 7

Rats are trained to reach through slot obtain food. Movements can be broken down into segments, which are differently affected by different types of neurological perturbation

Question 8

Why do we modify the brain and see how behaviour is altered

Answer 8

Develop hypotheses about how the brain affects behaviour and then test them

Develop animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders

Question 9

Brain lesions

Answer 9

Used by Karl Lushly to find location of memory in the brain. Ablation is used (removal or destruction of tissue)

Question 10

Stereotaxic apparatus

Answer 10

An instrument that allows the precise positioning of all brain regions relative to each other and to landmCarks on the skull

Question 11

Compensation

Answer 11

Neuroplastic ability to modify behaviour from that used prior to the damage

Question 12

To avoid compensation following permanent lesions, what was done

Answer 12

Temporary and reversible lesion techniques were used

• Regional cooling preventing synaptic transmission
• Local administration of a GABA agonist increases local inhibition

Question 13

Brain stimulation

Answer 13

• Used by Wilder Penfield to stimulate the cerebral cortex of humans during neurosurgery
• Rats with electrodes in the laterally hypothalamus only ate when the stimulation is turned on
• Self-stimulation: Rats pressing lever to obtain current

Question 14

Clinical application of brain stimulation

Answer 14

-Electrically stimulating the intact cortex adjacent to cortex injured by stroke leads to improvement in motor behaviours

Question 15

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 15

Uses magnetic fields to induce an electrical current that evokes neural activity. Can cause ‘virtual lesions’ and stimulated brain regions.

Question 16

Drug manipulation

Answer 16

Brain activity can be stimulated through drugs that influence activity of specific neurons in specific brain regions

Question 17

Optogenetics

Answer 17

Transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue. Based discovery that light can activate proteins.

Question 18

Chemogenetics

Answer 18

Synthetic genetic sequence codes for a G protein-coupled receptor engineered to respond exclusively to a synthetic small-molecule designer drug.