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ati fundation book > *CH 46 Pharmacokinetics & routes administration > Flashcards

*CH 46 Pharmacokinetics & routes administration Flashcards

1
Q

what is medication Absorption ?

A

Transmission of medication from location of administration to the blood stream

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2
Q

where does absorption take place?

A

GI tract, muscle, skin, subcutaneous tissue

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3
Q

What are common routes of administration enteral and parenteral?

A

Enteral: through GI tract
Parenteral: by injection

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4
Q

unique pattern of absorption ?

A

rate
amount
route

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5
Q

what are Oral route barriers to absorption

A

meds must pass through layer of epithelial calls that line GI tract.

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6
Q

oral route Absorption pattern

A 
stability and solubility of meds
GI pH and emptying time 
Food in stomach or intestine
current meds
form of med: coated, liquid
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7
Q

Subcutaneous and intramuscular barriers to absorption?

A

Their are none

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8
Q

Subcutaneous and intramuscular absorption pattern?

A

solubility of medication in water

blood perfusion at the site of injection

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9
Q

what are the two types of solubility of medication in water ?

A

high soluble meds = rapid absorption (10-30 min)

Poor soluble meds=slow absorption

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10
Q

what are the two blood perfusion types at the site of injection?

A

high blood perfusion = rapid absorption

low perfusion site = slow absorption

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11
Q

Are their any intravenous barriers to absorption?

A

no barriers

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12
Q

What are the two intravenous absorption pattern ?

A

Immediate; enters directly into the blood

Complete: reaches the blood in its entirely

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13
Q

what is the distribution of medication?

A

is the transportation of medication to the site of action by bodily fluids

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14
Q

What are the factors that influence distrubution?

A

circulation
permeability of the cell membrane
plasma protein binding

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15
Q

what condition can inhibit blood flow or perfusion

A

Peripheral vascular disease

cardiac disease

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16
Q

what is the permeability of the cell membrane ?

A

Meds must pass through tissue and membrane to reach targeted area.

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17
Q

what medication type can cross blood brain barrier and the placenta?

A

lipid soluble or medication that have transport system

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18
Q

What is plasma protein binding?

A
  • medication compete for protein binding sites within the blood stream primarily albumin.
  • 2 meds that compete for same binding site = toxicity
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19
Q

Metabolism (biotransformation)

A

changes meds into less active forms by action of enzymes.

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20
Q

where does metabolism take place

A

primarily Liver but also in kidneys, lungs, intestines blood

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21
Q

what are factors that influence med. metabolism rate

A 
age
increase in some meds-metabolizing enzymes
First past effect
similar pathways
nutritional status
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22
Q

an increase in some med-metabolism enzymes

A

can metabolize some meds sooner = increase in dosage to maintain therapeutic level. can increase metabolism in other concurrent use of meds

23
Q

First pass effect

A

liver inactivates some meds on first pass.

require nonenteral route (sublingual / IV)

24
Q

Similar metabolic pathways

A

same pathways for 2 meds = alteration of 1 or 2 meds = decrease of one or both meds = accumulation

25
Q

nutritional status

A

malnourishment=deficient in medication - metabolizing enzymes = NO medication metabolism

26
Q

what is Excretion of medication?

A

meds eliminate PRIMARILY through kidneys

liver lungs intestine, exocrine glands (breast)

27
Q

medication response is

A

min. effect concentration (MEC & toxic concentration)

28
Q

plasma medication level

A

is therapeutic range when it is effective and not toxic

29
Q

Medication High TI (therapeutic index)

A

no blood med level monitoring

30
Q

meds low TI

A

monitor med levels

31
Q

Highest plasma level when elimination is

A

absorption

32
Q

oral med peak

A

1-3 hours after given

33
Q

IV peak

A

with in 10 min

34
Q

when should you get trough level ?

A

blood sample right before meds

35
Q

Half life

A

med drops 50%

36
Q

what affects half life

A

liver and kidney

37
Q

how long does it take to achieve steady blood concentration?

A

four half lives

38
Q

med intake =

A

med metabolism & excretion

39
Q

short life

A

leaves body in 4-8 hours
short dose interval
drops between doses

40
Q

long life

A

leave body slowly
24 hours
greater risk meds accumulation & toxicity
meds given at longer interval

41
Q

Agonist

A

drugs that occupy receptor and activate them

ex: morphine

42
Q

antagonist

A

medication that can block the usual receptor activity.

ex: losartan

43
Q

partial agonist

A

less activation on the receptor

44
Q

oral (enteral) route

A

most common
least expensive
convenient

45
Q

contraindication for oral meds

A 
vomiting
decrease GI motility'
absence of gag reflex
difficulty swallowing 
decrease level of consciousness
46
Q

buccal is where?

A

between the cheek and gum

47
Q

how to hold ear canal for a young child

A

down and back

48
Q

how to hold ear for an adult

A

upward and outward

49
Q

nasogastric & gastrostomy tubes nursing action

A
  1. Verify tube placement
  2. flow by gravity or push it in with plunger of syringe
  3. administer meds seperatley
  4. completely dissolve crush tablets and capsules content in 15 to 30 mL of water
    flush with another 30-60 mL use sterile water for immunocompromised critically ill client
50
Q

nasogastric & gastrostomy tubes nursing DO NOT action

A
  1. administer sublingual meds
  2. crush specially prepared oral meds
  3. mix medication
51
Q

Parenteral best sites?

A

IM injection of 2mL +
ventrogluteal is preferable site
deltoid site = 1mL

52
Q

Subcutaneous site

A

abdomen
upper hip
lateral upper arms
thigh

53
Q

Intramuscular common sites

A

ventrogluteal
deltoid
vastus lateralis

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