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GERR > Lecture 23: Endocrine Microanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Endocrine Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are glands developed from

A

down growth of epithelium

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2
Q

name the two types of glands

A

exocrine and endocrine

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3
Q

give the main difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

exocrine maintain contact with epithelium surface while endocrine have no connection with epi surface (isolated mass with own blood supply)

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4
Q

where is the pituitary located

A

sella turcica of sphenoid bone enclosed by CT capsule

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5
Q

what is the embryological origin of the ant. pit.

A
  • Buccal ectoderm

- upward extension of Rathke’s pouch (mouth)

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6
Q

what is the embryological origin of the post. pit.

A
  • down growth of neuroectoderm
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7
Q

where is the hypothalamus located within the brain

A

on the floor of the third ventricle

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8
Q

name the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

infundibulum

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9
Q

name the 3 parts of the ant. pit.

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars distalis
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10
Q

what is the function of the pars intermedia

A

division between post. and ant. lobes of pit.

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11
Q

name the 2 parts of the post. pit.

A
  • infundibular stalk

- pars nervosa

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12
Q

name the space between the pituitary and the sphenoid bone

A

hypophyseal fossa

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13
Q

which lobe of pituitary stains lighter histologically and why

A
  • post. pit.
  • has lots of neurons
  • ant. contains lots of glandular secretory cells that stain darker
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14
Q

name the two types of cells in ant. pit. based on histochemical staining

A
  • chromophils

- chromophobes

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15
Q

outline the difference between chromophils and chromophobes

A

Chromophils:

  • bright staining glandular cells arr. in nests or cords
  • surrounded by many caps.
  • two subtypes –> acidophils (red) and basophils (dark)

Chromophobes:

  • pale staining
  • exhausted or quiescent chromophils
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16
Q

name the two subtypes of chromophils

A
  • acidophils (red)

- basophils (dark)

17
Q

why do basophils stain darker than acidophils

A

they contain more granular content

18
Q

name the 5 different cell types that make up the ant. pit. and what hormone they secrete

A
  • somatotrophs –> growth hormone
  • mammotrophs –> prolactin
  • corticotrophs –> ACTH
  • thyrotrophs –> TSH
  • gonadotrophs –> FSH and LH
19
Q

what hormone do axons from supraoptic nucleus produce

A

ADH

20
Q

what hormone do axons from paraventricular nucleus produce

A

oxytocin

21
Q

what are herring bodies

A

dilations of axons for storage of hormones

22
Q

what are pituicytes

A

support cells in post. pit. (similar to glial cells of CNS)

23
Q

describe the histology of post. pit.

A
  • herring bodies
  • unmyelinated axons
  • pituicytes
  • highly vascular
24
Q

through what vessel are hormones released from the pituitary

A

hypophyseal vein

25
Q

what is the embryological origin of the thyroid gland

A

fetal tongue down growth

26
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

anterior and lateral surface of upper trachea

27
Q

define goitre

A

swelling of neck - enlargement of thyroid

28
Q

name a function of parathyroid glands

A

calcium level regulation

29
Q

describe the thyroid histologically

A

follicular cells

  • apical surface lined w/ microvilli
  • simple cuboidal epi

parafollicular (C cells)

  • produce calcitonin
  • located between follicles or at their periphery
30
Q

describe the function of calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium by decreasing bone resorption by osteoclasts and ^ bone formation by osteoblasts

31
Q

describe the colloid in both hyper and hypo thyroidism

A
  • hypo = ^ colloid

- hyper = decreased colloid

32
Q

where are adrenal glands located

A

embedded in perirenal fat at superior poles of kidneys

33
Q

what cell type makes up the adrenal medulla

A

neural crest cells

34
Q

describe the cells found in the different zones of adrenal cortex

A

ZG –> rounded groups of cells
ZF –> large vacuolated cells in columns
ZR –> cells arranged in branching irregular networks

35
Q

name the 4 cell types found in Islets of Langerhans of pancreas and the hormone they produce

A
  • alpha –> glucagon
  • beta –> insulin
  • delta –> somatostatin
  • F cells –> pancreatic polypeptide
36
Q

describe the arr. of Enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal Enteroendocrine pancreatic (GEP) system

A

diffusely arr. in GI epi

GERR (46 decks)

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