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GERR > Lecture 19: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common means of intercellular communication

A

chemical signalling

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2
Q

what cells do paracrine chemical messengers affect

A

neighbouring cells only

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3
Q

what cells do autocrine chemical messengers affect

A

secreting cells only

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4
Q

how are chemical messengers distributed

A

diffusion

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5
Q

what do neurotransmitters affect

A

nerves, muscles or glands

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6
Q

give examples of paracrine messengers

A
  • histamine
  • NO
  • some growth hormones
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7
Q

give examples of neurotransmitters

A
  • ACh
  • amines e.g. noradrenaline
  • amino acids e.g. glutamate
  • neuropeptides
  • NO
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8
Q

where are hormones secreted into and by what

A

into the blood by endocrine cells

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9
Q

where are neurohormones secreted and by what

A

into the blood by neurosecretory neurons

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10
Q

give examples of hormones

A
  • thyroid hormone

- adrenaline

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11
Q

give examples of neurohormones

A
  • ADH
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12
Q

name the 4 hormone classes and give examples of each

A
  • amine
  • -> norepinephrine
  • -> dopamine
  • -> thyroid hormone
  • peptide
  • -> oxytocin
  • -> ADH
  • -> neurohormones
  • -> glucagon
  • protein
  • -> human growth hormone
  • -> insulin
  • -> calcitonin
  • -> parathyroid hormone
  • steroid
  • -> testosterone
  • -> progesterone
  • -> oestrogen
  • -> mineralocorticoids
  • -> glucocorticoids
  • -> activated Vit D
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13
Q

name some stimuli for hormone release

A
  • direct neural innervation
  • releasing hormones
  • plasma levels
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14
Q

how can hormones be transported in blood

A

free or bound to plasma protein

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15
Q

which hormones are transported free

A

most amine, protein and peptide hormones

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16
Q

which hormones are transported bound

A

steroid (as they’re hydrophobic) and thyroid hormones

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17
Q

what types of plasma proteins bind to hormones for transport

A

majority globulins and albumin

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18
Q

describe the genomic/non-genomic effects a hormone can have

A

genomic –> alter protein synthesis so alter cell behaviour

non-genomic –> alter protein function

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19
Q

where can hormone receptors be found (cell)

A
  • on cell surface membrane
  • in cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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20
Q

function of hypothalamic-pituitary axis

A

stimulates secretion of a number of hormones e.g. thyroid

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21
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary

A

infundibulum - has nerves and small bv

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22
Q

what cavity does the pituitary gland sit in

A

hypophyseal fossa

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23
Q

what can a bi-temporal hemianopia be a symptom of and what is it

A
  • symptom of pituitary tumour (can impinge on optic chiasma)

- loss of peripheral vision

24
Q

what is the optic chiasma

A

where optic nerves of both eyes cross over

25
name the lobes of the pituitary gland and describe the tissue each lobe is made of
- posterior (neurohypophysis) --> brain tissue - anterior (adenohypophysis) - -> glandular tissue
26
describe how each lope of pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus
- posterior --> neural pathway (axons) | - anterior --> vascular pathway
27
what system do posterior pit. and hypothalamus form and what hormones does that system secrete
- neuroendocrine system | - secretes ADH and oxytocin
28
where do the cell bodies of the axons linking the hypothalamus to post. pit. lie
- in two discrete nuclei 1. paraventricular nucleus 2. supraoptic nucleus
29
where are ADH and oxytocin manufactured
in the cell bodies of the neurones connecting hypothalamus with post. pit. (then stored in axon terminals)
30
which nuclei contains most the neurones that secrete oxytocin
paraventricular nucleus
31
which nuclei contains most of the neurones that secrete ADH
supraoptic nucleus
32
what is the function of oxytocin
stimulates uterine contraction (stimulates birth) and milk ejection - also known as love hormone
33
what is the function of ADH (vasopressin)
- vasoconstrictor --> increases vascular resistance and BP | - increases H2O permeability and absorption in renal collecting ducts
34
what type of hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary, give the 7 examples
primarily tropic hormones - growth hormone - thyroid stimulating hormone - adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) - Prolactin (not tropic) - follicle stimulating hormone - luteinising hormone - melanocyte stimulating hormone (not tropic)
35
what is a tropic hormone
- hormones that influence/ regulate the secretion of hormones from another endocrine gland - stimulate and maintain endocrine target tissue
36
what is the function of ACTH
stimulates adrenal gland to secrete corticosteroids
37
which brain region regulates hormone secretion from pituitary gland
hypothalamus
38
which hormones are secreted by neurohypophysis
ADH and oxytocin
39
what are the two most important factors that regulate ant. pit. hormone secretion
- hypothalamic hormones (hypophysiotropic) | - feedback by target gland hormones
40
what connects the hypothalamus and ant. pit.
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
41
what is the importance of a portal system between hypothalamus and ant. pit.
- venous blood so doesn't enter systemic circulation - concentrated hormones can move from hypothalamus to ant. pit. w/o being diluted - rapid response to release of hypothalamic hormones --> direct travel
42
decreased secretion of which hormone results FROM damage to hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system... 1. ADH 2. Prolactin 3. Oxytocin 4. PTH 5. TSH
answer = TSH - ant. pit. affected therefore rule out 1, 3 and 4 - prolactin has two hypothalamic hormones governing its secretion --> releasing and inhibiting --> damage means there's less inhibition so prolactin secretion can increase moderately
43
what are the 3 hormones/ levels for hypothalamic pituitary target gland secretion regulation
1. hypothalamus / neurohormone 2. pituitary gland / tropic hormone 3. peripheral gland / peripheral target-endocrine gland hormone
44
describe long loop negative feedback
inhibits both pituitary gland secretion and hypothalamus secretion
45
describe short loop negative feedback
hormone secreted by pituitary inhibits hypothalamus secretion
46
what is important to consider when measuring hormone levels
diurnal and circadian rhythms
47
describe primary hyposecretion
too little hormone is secreted due to abnormality within secreting gland itself
48
name some cause of primary hyposecretion
- genetic - dietary (e.g. lack of iodine) - chemical or toxic - autoimmune - cancer - iatrogenic
49
describe secondary hyposecretion
gland is normal but too little hormone is secreted due to deficiency of tropic hormone --> assc w/ deficiency in ant. pit.
50
describe tertiary hyposecretion
gland is normal but too little hormone is secreted due to deficiency of hypothalamic releasing hormone
51
what is pan hypopituitarism
production and secretion of all pituitary hormones are reduced both ant. and post.
52
name a cause of hypersecretion
tumours --> ignore normal regulatory input and continuously secrete excess hormone
53
describe primary hypersecretion
abnormality within gland
54
describe secondary/ tertiary hypersecretion
excessive stimulation from outside the gland (2nd = pituitary, 3rd = hypothalamus)
55
outline some consequences of hypersecretion (in terms of ant. pit. hormones)
- ^ ACTH --> corticosteroid excess --> Cushing's - ^ prolactin --> impaired reproductive function - ^ ADH --> fluid retention and low plasma osmolality - ^ TSH --> Grave's disease - ^ hGH (children) --> gigantism - ^ hGH (adults) --> acromegaly

GERR (46 decks)

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