PATHOLOGY OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Question 1

what is the main cell type in acute inflammation?

Answer 1

neutropils

Question 2

what are the main cells of chronic inflammation?

Answer 2

lymphocyte, plasma cells and macrophages

Question 3

what is pain caused by?

Answer 3

oedema, bradykinin, serotonin and prostaglandins

Question 4

what causes a fever?

Answer 4

A trigger of the fever, called a pyrogen, causes a release of prostaglandin E2. PGE2 then acts on the hypothalamus, which raises the temperature set point so that the body temperature increases through heat generation and vasoconstriction.

Question 5

what are exogenous pyrogens?

Answer 5

Substances, which originate outside the body and which are capable of inducing interleukins e.g. bacterial products

Question 6

what are endogenous pyrogens?

Answer 6

Substances which originate inside the body and which are capable of inducing fever by acting on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre.
e.g. IL-6

Question 7

what is a consequence of failed resolution?

Answer 7

chronic inflammation

Question 8

what are the consequences of chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

abscess formation
excessive scarring
auto-immunity

Question 9

what is an abscess?

Answer 9

a cavity containing pus

Question 10

what is fibrosis?

Answer 10

thickening or scarring of the tissue

Question 11

why can an abscess be hard to treat with antibiotics?

Answer 11

because the fibrin wall can be hard to penetrate

Question 12

what are 3 examples of pro-resolving molecules?

Answer 12

Resolvins, lipoxins and protectins

Question 13

what is chronic inflammation?

Answer 13

slow, long-term inflammation lasting for prolonged periods of several months to years

Question 14

what is a granuloma?

Answer 14

a small area of inflammation

Question 15

what is the granulomatous inflammatory response?

Answer 15

a type of chronic inflammation characterised by often focal collections of macrophages, epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells.

Question 16

what might macrophages look like in granulomas?

Answer 16

unusual shaping
resemble cuboidal epithelial cells
often have multiple nuclei

Question 17

what is ‘resolution’?

Answer 17

restoration of normal tissue

Question 17

what is ‘resolution’?

Answer 17

restoration of normal tissue

Question 17

what is ‘resolution’?

Answer 17

restoration of normal tissue

Question 18

what is suppuration?

Answer 18

the formation of discharge or pus

Question 19

what is the pathogensis of acute inflammation?

Answer 19

increased blood flow
increased capillary permeability
migration of neutrophils
chemotaxis
leukocyte recruitment and activation

Question 20

what is malaise?

Answer 20

a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or unease whose exact cause is difficult to identify.

Question 21

what is the pathogensis of chronic inflammation?

Answer 21

infiltration of macrophages and T and B cells, tissue destruction and tissue repair

Question 22

describe the microscopy of acute inflammation?

Answer 22

massive infiltration of neutrophils and polymorphonuclear leukocytes
dilation and congestion of blood vessels
exudation of affected area

Question 23

describe the microscopy of chronic granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 23

accumulation of macrophages which appear like epithelial cells
accumulation of lymphocytes

Question 24

describe the microscopy of chronic non-granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 24

scattered accumulation of lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells

Question 25

how do you differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation in tissue sections?

Answer 25

acute inflammation looks messy and busy with what looks like a bunch of dots of all different sizes( because neutrophils has several lobes)
chronic inflammation looks more uniform with dots of similar size