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Medicine 2nd Year First Simister > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The drug name which important to Understand the pharmacokinatics and pharmacodinamics is

A

Chemical name

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2
Q

Morphine is isolated from…

A

Opium poppy plant

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3
Q

When the drug is injeckted directly to the CSF this route is called

A

Intrathecal

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4
Q

amount of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation

A

Bioavilability

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5
Q

An example of drug that is taken under tongue

A

Nitroglycerin

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6
Q

For patient suffer from vomiting the best route to admenistrate drug is

A

Rectal route

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7
Q

When the needle make (.90° ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..

A

Intramuscular

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8
Q

When the needle make (. 45° ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..

A

Subcutaneous(hypodermis)

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9
Q

When the needle make (.25° ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..

A

Intravenous

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10
Q

When the needle make (10-15 °. ) angle with the skin, the drug will be ingected…..

A

Intradermal

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11
Q

Phase | of metabolism occurs in…..

A

Hepatocytes endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

The enzyme which is responsable of the reactions that occur in the phase 1 of liver metabolism is

A

Cytochrome p450(microsomal enzyme)

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13
Q

The reactions that occur in the phase 1 of liver metabolism are

A

Reduction
Oxidation
Hydrolysis

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14
Q

The effects which is expected from the phase 1 of liver metabolism on the pharmacologic activity of the drug are

A

Increase the pharmacologic activity
Decrease the pharmacologic activity
Not effect the pharmacologic activity

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15
Q

The reactions that occur in the phase || of the liver metabolism are

A

Conjugation reactions

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16
Q

Which endogenous substrate could be used in the phase ||. of the liver metabolism

A

Glucuronic acid
Sulfuric acid
Acetic acid
Any amino acid

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17
Q

The main organ of metabolism is

A

Liver

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18
Q

The main organ of clearance is

A

Kidney

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19
Q

An enzyme found in blood and other tissues and has an important role in drugs metabolism

A

Choline. Esterase

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20
Q

Drug has a therapeutic effects in active, metabolite and original form

A

Benzodiazopines منوّم َومهدئ

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21
Q

Drug concedared as anticoagulant and has a high affinity to plasma proteins (nearly 99%)

A

Warfarin

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22
Q

We use phenytoin for

A

Epilepsy

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23
Q

We use erythromycin as an

A

Antibiotic

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24
Q

We prescribe cimetidine for a patient suffer from

A

Peptic ulcer

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25
Q

Which drugs concedared as ME inducers

A

Ri fampi cin
Carba meza pine
Pheno barbi tone
Pheny toin

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26
Q

Which drugs concedared as ME inhibitors

A

Cime tidine
Cipro floxa cin
Erythromycin
Isonizide

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27
Q

The first step in dealing with aspirin toxicity, is?

A

to alkalize the urine, by administering alkaline drugs in the bloodstream.

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28
Q

An example of drug that has long Half life (almost 36 hours)

A

Warfarin

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29
Q

An example of drug that has a very short Half life

A

Levodopa

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30
Q

The antibiotic amoxicillin has a Half life of……

A

8 hours

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31
Q

Before any surgery to avoid severe bleeding, the patient must stop warfarin at least….

A

72 hours

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32
Q

The drug which is used by parkinson’s disease patients is

A

Levodopa

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33
Q

An example of zero-order drug is

A

Phenytoin

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34
Q

An example of drug that has a quantal response

A

Epilepsy drugs

Arrthmea drugs

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35
Q

An example of irreversible antagonist drug

non Competitive antagonists

A

1-Phenoxi benzamin

2-Organo phosphate

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36
Q

An example of physiological antagonist

A

Adrenalin and Histamen

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37
Q

If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(1)=2
This type of drug combination is

A

Addition

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38
Q

If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(1)=3
This type of drug combination is

A

synergism

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39
Q

If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(1)=0
This type of drug combination is

A

Antiagonism

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40
Q

If we give the patient 2 drugs , and we represent their effect together with the following equation:
(1)+(0)=2
This type of drug combination is

A

Potentiation

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41
Q

An example of synergistic drugs

A

Antibiotics:

penicellin + Amino glycozid

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42
Q

Acetyl choline esterase - inhibitor drugs work by which mechanism

A

Changing enzymatic activity

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43
Q

local anesthetics drugs work by which mechanism

A

Change cell membrane permeability

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44
Q

An example of drug works by Combine with other Chemicals

A

giving an alkali tablets (antacid) to neutralize the acidity of the stomach in the cases of Gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer or gastritis

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45
Q

We give cell wall synthesis inhibitors in the cases of

A

Bacterial infections

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46
Q

We give nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors as an

A

antineoplastic medications (anticancer)

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47
Q

An example of ionotropic receptor (Ligand-Gated ion channels).

A

cholinergic nicotinic receptors, When a ligand (acetylcholine for example) binds to the channel, it will open, and the sodium ion will enter the cell

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48
Q

Receptor : a1-adrenoceptors
endogenous ligand:
Full agonist :
Competitive antagonists:

A

Endogenous ligand: norepinephrine.

Full agonist :phenylephrine

Competitive antagonists:
antihypertensive drug (terazosin)
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49
Q

An example of Partial agonist at D2 receptors

A

aripiprazole

50
Q 
What is the effect of the Competitive antagonist drug in
1-agonist (dose - response) curve
2-agonist ED50
3-agonist potency 
4-agonist efficacy
A

1-shifted the curve to the right
2-increases the ED50
3-reduces the agonist potency
4- don’t effect the agonist efficacy

51
Q 
What is the effect of the Non-Competitive antagonist drug in
1-agonist (dose - response) curve
2-agonist ED50
3-agonist potency 
4-agonist efficacy
A

1- downward shifted
2-don’t affect the ED50
3 - don’t effect the potency
4-reduces the agonist efficacy

52
Q

An example of drug that has a small TI

A

Warfarin

53
Q

An example of drug that has a large TI

A

Penicillin

54
Q

An example of drugs that is tolerated by the body

A

Opioids such as: Morphine, Heroin, Oxycodone and Barbiturates.

55
Q

An example of excitatory NT that binds to ionotropic receptor

A

Excitatory NT : Acetyl choline

Ionotropic receptor :cholinergic nicotinic receptor

56
Q

An example of excitatory NT that binds to metabotropic receptor

A

Excitatory NT : Dopamine

Metabotropic receptor : Dopamine receptor

57
Q

An example of inhibatory NT that binds to ionotropic receptor

A

Inhibatory NT :GABA

Ionotropic receptor :GABA receptor

58
Q

An example of inhibatory NT that binds to metabotropic receptor

A

Inhibatory NT : opioids

Metabotropic receptor :opioids receptor

59
Q

The drug which leads to the closure of voltage channels and prevents the formation of action potential so there is no pain or sensation.

A

Local anesthetics

60
Q

Toxin extracted from the puffer fish, binding to the sodium voltage gated channels and therefore inhibiting the influx of Na+ ions and preventing the formation of action potential

A

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

61
Q

The main neurotransmitter in Parasympathetic Nervous System (PANS).

A

Acetyl choline

62
Q

the main neurotransmitter in Sympathetic Nervous System (SANS) is

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

63
Q

Nicotinic receptors found in

A

1-Target cells of somatic NS :skeletal muscles

2- in ganglia of SANS and PANS

64
Q

Muscarinic receptors found in

A

1-Tissues innervated by postganglionic nerves of PANS

2- sweat glands innervated by SANS(exception)

65
Q

The enzyme which is responsable of synthesis of acetyl choline is

A

Choline acetyl transferase

66
Q

The enzyme which is responsable of degradation of acetyl choline is

A

Acetyl choline esterase

67
Q

The most excitatory NT in the CNS is

A

Glutamate

68
Q

the most inhibatory NT in the CNS

A

GABA

69
Q

The most abundant inhibitory NT in the spinal cord is

A

Glycine

70
Q

The enzyme which is responsable of convertion of (Tyrosine amino acid) to (L-dopa) is

A

tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting step)

71
Q

The enzyme which is responsable of convertion of (L-dopa ) to (Dopamine ) is

A

dopa-decarboxylase

72
Q

The enzyme which is responsable of convertion of (Dopamine) to (Norepinephrine ) is

A

beta hydroxylase

73
Q

Catecholamines are inactivated by three ways

A

1-reuptake (most common)

2-degradation or conjugation as they may diffuse to the liver and get deactivated by MAO (monoamine oxidase)

3- degradation by COMT (catechol O methyl transferase) in postsynaptic membrane.

74
Q

An example of peptide NT

A

Endor phine

75
Q

The NT that is important in diagnose of depression and eating disorders

الاكتئاب واضطرابات الشهيه

A

serotonin

76
Q

The NT that is important in diagnose of Parkinson and schizophrenia is
باركنسون وانفصام الشخصيه

A

dopamine

77
Q

Local and deneral anesthetics affects the NS by which mechanism?

A

Inhibition of action potential presynaptically:
inhibits action potential before reaching terminal buttons and stop its propagation. target voltage gated Na channels-block signal transduction

78
Q

An example of drug that used to treate hypertension and work by interfere with drug storage

A

Reserpine

79
Q

An example of drug that increases the release of catecholamines

A

Amphetamine

80
Q

An example of drug prevents the release Acetyl choline by blocked the fusion of vesicles containing ach and the presynaptic membrane

A

Botox (botulinum toxin)

81
Q

An example of drug prevents the release (Dopamine /Norepinephrine) by blocked the VMAT channel in the vesicles which store these NTs

A

Reserpine

82
Q

The mechanism by which antidepressants produce there effect is

A

Inhibition the serotonin reuptake

83
Q

Caffeine and Cocaine both are drugs can affect NS what is the deffirint between there mechanism of action

A

Caffeine is a cAMP degradation inhibitor so it effects the postsynaptic neuron directly intracellularly and produce its effect.

Cocaine is drug of abuse and can inhibit the reuptake of Dopamine, NE and serotonin.

84
Q

A phenomenon charácterized by a decrease in the blood flow to the peripheral parts (fingers, toes, tip of nose and penis in males) due to vasospasm in the smaller arteries that supply blood to skin limiting blood flow to affected areas in the case of sympathetic response to coldness

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

85
Q

The way of transportation used to transport Choline into the cytoplasm of the cholinergic neuron is

A

energy-dependent carrier system

cotransports sodium

86
Q

To inhibat the synthesis of acetyl choline there are 2 way :

A

1- inhibition of sodium cotransports of choline to the inside of cholinergic neuron

2 - inhibition of choline acetyl transferase

87
Q

An example of drug that inhibits the sodium cotransports of choline to the inside of cholinergic neuron

A

Hemi cholinium

88
Q

Vesamicol and botulinum toxin both can inhibat the release of acetyl choline but in different mechanism, what are these mechanisms

A

Vesamicol blocked the channels in the vesicles before the storage of acetyl choline in it, so it is inhibiting acetylcholine uptake into synaptic vesicles and reducing its release.

Botulinum toxin prevents the diffuse between vesicles containing ach and the presynaptic membrane

89
Q

What is the effect of the black widow spider venom in ach release

A

causes all the ACh stored in synaptic vesicles to empty into the synaptic gap.

90
Q

In ach cycle what is the rate limiting step

A

Choline reuptake

91
Q

The therapeutic usage of carbachol is

A

To treat Glaucoma

92
Q

The therapeutic usage of bethanechol is

A

1- to treat atonic bladder, particularly in postpartum or postoperative, nonobstructive urinary retention.

2- to treat neurogenic atony

3- to treat megacolon

4- to treat paralytic ileus

93
Q

What are the uses of methacholine

A

1-diagnose of asthma

2-diagnose of belladonna mushroom poisoning

3-diagnosis bronchial hyperreactivity

94
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of pilocarpine

A

1- used in ophthalmology to treat Glaucoma
2-to treat xerostomia
3- sjögren syndrome

95
Q

In xerostomia there is a decrease in…………
Caused by…………..
And treated by……..

A

Slivation
irradiation of the head and neck.
Pilocarpine

96
Q

Sjögren syndrome characterized by……… , is treated with……………

A

Dry mouth and lack of tears

oral pilocarpine tablets and cevimeline

97
Q

Drugs could be used to treat Glaucoma…………

A

1- carbachol

2-pilocarpine and cevimeline
الأفضل في الحالات الطارئه

3- physostigmine. الاقوى.

4-Echo thio phate نادر الاستخدام لكثره أعراضه الجانبيه

98
Q

In emergency cases when we need to lowering the intraocular pressure, the drug of choice is

A

Pilocarpine

99
Q

The most potent mitotic drug Absolutely is

على الاطلاق

A

Physostigmine

100
Q

The medical uses of Edrophonium ( tensilon )are

A

1-It is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

2-differentiating cholinergic crisis ( worsen ) and myasthenia Gravis ( improve )

3-for reversing the effects of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers after surgery .

101
Q

The medical uses of physostigmine are

A

1-Has therapeutic action in atony of either organ (constipation and urine retention)

2-treatment of overdoses of drugs with anticholinergic actions, such as atropine

3 - treat Glaucoma

102
Q

The medical uses of Neostigmine are

A

1-Atony urinary bladder caused urine retention

2-paralytic ileus after operation

3-antidote for competitive neuromuscular-blocking agents.(muscle relaxents).

4- Neostigmine and Atropine togather used for managing symptoms of myasthenia gravis

103
Q

The best drug is given on its own to managing symptoms of myasthenia gravis is

A

Pyrido stigmine

104
Q

What is the meaning of aging of the enzyme

A

Loss of an alkyl group

105
Q

The therapeutic uses for echothiophate

A

Used to treat open - angle glaucomabecause it has long action ,rarely used due to its side effect profil which includes the risk of causing cataracts

106
Q

In cases of poisoning with organophosphate Compound, we give the patient Triad which consiset of

A

1-Atropine(life saving drug)
2-oxime (paralidoxime 2-PAM.or DAM)
3-Diazepam

107
Q

An example of drugs Used as first - line treatments for Alzheimer’s disease ,

A

Rivastigmine
galantamine
donepezil

108
Q

Used to produce miosis in ophthalmic surgery

A

Acetyl choline

109
Q

Atropine cosidarad as…..1…… Blockers
It used in cases of …..2….. and………3…….
Poisoning with over dose of it is treated by ..4….

A

1-muscarinic receptor

2-poisoning with organophosphate Compound

3-managing symptoms of myasthenia gravis with Neostigmine

4-physostigmine

110
Q

Non- depolarizing muscle relaxents concedared as……. 1……..
Used in the cases of…2….. And to reverse its effect we use………. 3…………..
Poisoning with over dose of it, is treated by…4……

A

1-competitive neuromuscular-blocking agents
2-before surgery
3-Edrophonium after surgery
4-Neostigmine

111
Q

An example of Direct-acting cholinergic agonists

Of muscarinic receptors

A

*choline esters. | *alkaloids
1-Acetyl choline. |
2-Carbachol. |1-pilocarpine
3-bethanechol. |. 2-cevimeline
4-methacholine |. 3-muscarine

112
Q

An example of Direct-acting cholinergic agonists

Of nicotinic receptors

A

1-nicotine
2-varenicline
3-lobellin
4-Insecticides and rodenticides

113
Q

An example of Reversible Indirect acting cholinergic agonists:

A 
1-physostigmine
2-Neostigmine
3-pyrido stigmine
4-Edrophonium
5-donepezil
6-rivastigmine
114
Q

An example of Irreversible Indirect acting cholinergic agonists:

A

1-Diisopropyl-flurophosphate (DFP)
2-Nerve gas (Sarin)
3-pesticide(malathion and parathion)
4-Echothiophate

115
Q

Loss of accommodation of anear vision called

A

Cycloplegia

116
Q

The Natural sources of atropine are

A

Atropa belladonna and Datura stramonium

117
Q

The Natural source of scopolamine is

A

Hyoscyamus niger

118
Q

The therapeutic uses of scopolamine are

A

1-prevention of motion sicknessوقايه

2-prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

3-used for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

119
Q

Contraindications of cholinergic antagonist

A

1-Narrow angle glaucoma
2-Hypertrophy of the prostate gland
3-Atony of the bladder
4- Atony of the GI tract

120
Q

Contraindications of cholinergic agonists

A

1) Asthma
2) Coronary insufficiency
3) Peptic ulcer, because cholinergic agonist will increase secretion of acid in stomach.
4) Organic obstruction in bladder and gastrointestinal tract

Medicine 2nd Year First Simister (5 decks)

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