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Medicine 2nd Year First Simister > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

In case of having amuscle cramping and fatigue during prolonged exercise, the patient is expected to have hereditary deficiency in which enzyme?

A

AMP deaminase

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2
Q

Most animals further oxidize the purine ring to

A

Allantion ➡️Allantoic Acid
➡️ Excretion

                                Or
          				 	   ➡️Catabolized to➡️urea
																									     		➡️Ammonia
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3
Q

Accumulation of…………. In joints can cause Goutyartheritis

A

Monosodium urate (MSU) ملح

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4
Q

The drug which is cosidarad as acompetitive inhibitor of the xanthine oxidase is

A

Allopurinol

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5
Q

Partial deficiency in HGPRT cause

A

Gout

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6
Q

Complete deficiency in HGPRT cause

A

Lesch-nyhan syndrome

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7
Q

In ADA-deficient patient there is a great increaseing in the intracellular cocentrations of

A

dATP

S-adenosylhomocysteine

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8
Q

In PNP-defient patient’s there is a elevation in the concentration of

A

dGTP

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9
Q

In purine which atom serves as the site of attachment with the pentose sugar

A

N9

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10
Q

In pyrimidine which atom serves as the site of attachment with the pentose sugar

A

N1

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11
Q

In pyrimidine deonvo bio synthesis the only Step take place in amitocodria is

A

The 4th Step which use dihydrooretate dehydrogenase as an enzyme

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12
Q

Deficiency in OPRT enzyme or OMPdecarboxelase causes

A

Orotic aciduria

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13
Q

The ultimate reductant in deoxyribonucleotide synthesis is

A

NADPH

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14
Q

The first regulated step in the deonvo bio synthesis of pyrimidine

A

First Step

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15
Q

The secondary regulated step in the deonvo bio synthesis of pyrimidine is

A

Sixth step which is the last step

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16
Q

The end product forming from uracil degradation is

A

B-Alanine

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17
Q

The end product forming from Thymine degradation is

A

B-Amino iso butyrate

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18
Q

The end product forming from purine degradation is

A

Uric acid

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19
Q

NAD synthesis requires…..?

A

Niacin vitamin B3

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20
Q

Niacin deficiency causes…

A

Pellagra

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21
Q

The synthesis of FAD requires….

A

Riboflavin vitamin B2

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22
Q

Riboflavin deficiency causes

A

Dermatitis

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23
Q

The synthesis of Coenzyme A requires….

A

Pantothenate vitamin B5

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24
Q

Which type of bonds is found between the sugar and nitrogenous base in nucleotide

A

Glycosidic bond

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25
Q

Which type of bonds is found between each 2 adjacent nucleotides in DNA strand

A

3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage

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26
Q

The double helix model of DNA is discoverd by

A

Watson and Crick

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27
Q

The most form of DNA in Our body is

A

B-DNA

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28
Q

The form of DNA which is expected to be found in ahigher salt concentration solution is

A

A-DNA

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29
Q

The form of DNA which is expected to be found in alcohol added solution is

A

A-DNA

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30
Q

If there is an alternating poly dG-dC sequence, the DNA favors to be in

A

Z-DNA model

31
Q

The Forces which can stabilize the DNA double helix are

A

1-Hydrophobic forces

2-hydrogen bonds

32
Q

The Forces which destabilize the DNA double helix are

A

interstrand electrostatic repulsion between negatively charged phosphates

33
Q

The most important stabilizing factors of the DNA double helix are

A

Hydrophobic Forces

34
Q

Stacking interaction means…

A

Hydrophobic Forces with the addition of van der waals interaction

35
Q

DNA denaturation occurs in physiological condition by

A

Helicases enzyme

36
Q

In labs we can use…. As an indicator for. DNA absorbance

A

Hyperchromicity

37
Q

In labs we can use…. As an indicator for. DNA denaturation

A

Absorbance of the UV light at 260nm wave length

38
Q

The main cause of DNA compaction into a solenoid is

A

high ionic strength

39
Q

A region of double stranded DNA in which each of the two strands has the same sequence when read in the same direction.

A

Palindrome (symmetrical inverted repeat)

40
Q

A center of symmetry on a single strand of DNA

It has the same base sequence when read in either direction from this center.

A

Mirror repeat

41
Q

RNA Is Less stable than DNA because

A

because (OH) in 2’C in ribose makes phosphodiester bond more easily hydrolyzed.

42
Q

Many RNAS contain modified nucleotides that are produced by .

A

post-transcriptional processing

43
Q

Base paired regions in the secondary structure of RNA

A

stem

44
Q

Base unpaired regions in the secondary structure of RNA

A

Loop

45
Q

In the secondary structure of RNA, stem and loop togather form…..

A

Hairpin

46
Q

Helices within RNA are usually the () -type with () nucleotides per turn.

A

the A-type with 11 nucleotides per turn

47
Q

mRNA Synthesized in(1 & 2.)and it Transfers genetic information from gene to ribosome in the (3 & 4)

A

1-nucleus
2-mitochondria
3-Cytoplasm
4-mitochondria

48
Q

The 5’ terminal of mRNA is capped by

A

[7-methylguanosine triphosphate]
that is linked to an adjacent
[2’-O-methyl ribonucleoside]
at its 5’-hydroxyl through the three phosphates.

49
Q

The importance of 5’cap in mRNA is

A

The cap helps stabilize the mRNA by preventing the nucleolytic attack by 5’-exonucleases.

50
Q

The structure that makes up the 3’-terminus of the mRNA is

A

Poly (A) tail

51
Q

What is the importance of Poly (A) tail which makes up the 3’-terminus of the mRNA

A

maintains the intracellular stability of the specific mRNA by preventing the attack of 3’-exonucleases.

52
Q

In mRNA from 5’ to 3’ the structural sequence is

A 
5' m7GPPP 
Nontranslated leader sequence
Coding or translated sequence
Nontranslated trailing sequence
Poly (A) tail 3'
53
Q

The Eukaryotic mRNA is discribed as

A

monocistronic; it contains information to form a single polypeptide

54
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA is discribed as

A

polycistronic; they may encode more than one polypeptide.

55
Q

What is the size of tRNA

A

Sizes: 65-110 nucleotides

56
Q

What are the Structural features of tRNA

A

1-highly base paired secondary structure

2-many modified bases

57
Q

What are the types of modification found in tRNA

A

1-addition of Thymidine mono phosphate nucleotide
2-converts 2 uridine to 2 Dihydrouridine
3- converts uridine to pseudouridine

58
Q

From the total cellular RNA there is
……… % tRNA
……… %mRNA
………. %rRNA

A

15%
5%
80%

59
Q

tRNA Performs two roles

A

1-Get charged with “Activates” amino acids for protein synthesis.

2-Recognizes the correct codon for amino acid insertion in proteins being made by a ribosom

60
Q

The secondary structure of tRNA Is discribed as

A

cloverleaf” structure

61
Q

The tertiary structure of tRNA Is discribed as

A

L-shaped structure

62
Q

Which type of post-transcriptional processing found in rRNA

A

Methylation (adding CH3)

63
Q

In prokaryotes
Assembled ribosome is (1) particle, about (2)Da made of
Small subunit,(3) , contains a(4) rRNA which is (5) and (6) ribosomal proteins

Large subunit, (7), contains (8) rRNA which are (9) complexed with (10) ribosomal proteins

A 
1-70s 							       	7-	50S 
2-2,800,000.         8- 2
3-30S.                    9-5s and 23s
4-single.                10- 34
5-16s
6-21
64
Q

In Eukaryote
Assembled ribosome is (1) particle, about (2)Da made of
Small subunit,(3) , contains a(4) rRNA which is (5) and (6) ribosomal proteins

Large subunit, (7), contains (8) rRNA which are (9) complexed with (10) ribosomal proteins

A 
1-80s                         6-33
2-4500000Da.         7-60s
3-40s.                        8-3 
4- single.                   9-5s, 5.8s, 28s 
5-18s.                        10-49
65
Q

(28s ) rRNA found in……….
made of…………. nucleotides
Synthesized in……….

A

Eukaryotic ribosomal large subunit
5400nt
Nucleolus

66
Q

(18s ) rRNA found in……….
made of…………. nucleotides
Synthesized in……….

A

Eukaryotic ribosomal small subunit
2100nt
Nucleolus

67
Q

(5.8s) rRNA found in……….
made of…………. nucleotides
Synthesized in……….

A

Eukaryotic ribosomal large subunit
158nt
Nucleolus

68
Q

Eukaryotic (5s) rRNA found in……….
made of…………. nucleotides
Synthesized in……….

A

Large ribosomal subunit
120nt
Nucleo plasm

69
Q

hnRNA, snRNA, 7sRNA all are Synthesized in

A

Nucleo plasm

70
Q

What is the size of hnRNA, snRNA, 7sRNA

A

hnRNA, 30S-100s
snRNA, 100-300 nucleotides
7sRNA, 129 nucleotides

71
Q

rRNA is part of structure called :
snRNA is part of structure called
7sRNA is part of structure called

A

Ribosomes
Spliceosome
Single recognition particle

72
Q

The function of hnRNA is

A

Some are precursors to mRNAS and other RNAS

73
Q

The function of snRNA is

A

Structural and regulatory RNAS in chromatin. Also It is necessary in the splicing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA

74
Q

The function of 7sRNA

A

Selection of proteins for export from cells.

Functions in the cytosol and at the endoplasmic reticulum.

It is necessary in the targeting of proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum.

It is a component of a complex known as signal recognition particle (SRP)

Medicine 2nd Year First Simister (5 decks)

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