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Health and Illness Concepts II Nursing: N2310 > Psychiatric/Mental Health (Exam One) > Flashcards

Psychiatric/Mental Health (Exam One) Flashcards

1
Q

An individuals reaction to any change that requires an adjustment or response is known as what?

A

Stress

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2
Q

Describe healthy adaptations to stress.

A
  • Stabilizing internal biological processes

- Preserving self-esteem

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3
Q

Adaptive responses are behaviors that ______ ____ _______ ___ ____ ________.

A

Maintain the integrity of the individual

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4
Q

Maladaptive responses by the individual are _________ ____ ___ ________ ___ ________.

A

Considered to be harmful or unhealthy

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5
Q

List examples of adaptive responses.

A
  • Journal
  • Exercise
  • Relax
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6
Q

List examples of maladaptive responses.

A
  • Substance abuse
  • Social isolation
  • Lash out in anger
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7
Q

A biological, psychological, social, or chemical factor that causes physical or emotional tension and may contribute to the development of certain illnesses is known as what?

A

Stressor

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8
Q

What is the effect on the body if an individual endures stress for a prolonged period of time?

A
  • Compromises the immune system

- Become more susceptible to disease and illness

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9
Q

List the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome.

A
  • Alarm reaction stage
  • Stage of resistance
  • Stage of exhaustion
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10
Q

Describe the alarm reaction stage.

A

Physiological responses of fight-or-flight syndrome are initiated

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11
Q

Describe the stage of resistance.

A
  • Uses physiological responses from previous stage as defense mechanism to adapt
  • If adaptation occurs the third stage is prevented/delayed
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12
Q

Describe the stage of exhaustion.

A
  • Body responds to prolonged exposure to a stressor
  • Adaptive energy is depleted
  • Chronic illness/disease may occur
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13
Q

Why types of stressors are not resolved as rapidly as physical stressors and may deplete the bodies adaptive energy more quickly?

A
  • Psychological stressors

- Emotional stressors

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14
Q

The process by which an individual’s response to change results in preservation of individual integrity or timely return to equilibrium is known as what?

A

Adaptation

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15
Q

Which biological system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

What effects does epinephrine have on the body?

A
  • Increase respiratory rate
  • Increase heart rate
  • Increase muscle strength
  • Increase blood glucose for energy
  • Slows digestion
  • Dilates pupils
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17
Q 
A 25-year-old man barely avoids a motor vehicle accident. His heart is pounding, his palms are sweaty, and his respirations are increased. This is an example of which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? 
A. Alarm reaction stage
B. Stage of resistance
C. Stage of exhaustion 
D. Stage of biological stress
A

A

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18
Q

What tool measures stress?

A

Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (RLCQ)

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19
Q

A ______ score on the RLCQ places in the individual at ______ susceptibility to physical or psychological illness

A
  • High

- Greater

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20
Q

For a time frame of 6-months, what score is indicative of a high level of recent life stress according to the RLCQ?

A

Equal to or greater than 300 life changing units (LCU)

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21
Q

For a time frame of 1-year, what score is indicative of a high level of recent life stress according to the RLCQ?

A

Equal to or greater than 500 life changing units (LCU)

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22
Q

Life changes questionnaires have been criticized because they do not consider what factors?

A
  • Individual perception of event
  • Cultural variation
  • Individual coping strategies
  • Available support systems during event
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23
Q

What factors reduce the intensity of stressful life changes and promote a more adaptive response?

A
  • Positive coping mechanisms

- Strong social/familial support

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24
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

Individual evaluation of the personal significance of an event or occurrence

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25
Q

The cognitive response consists of what two phases?

A
  • Primary appraisal

- Secondary appraisal

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26
Q

List the three types of primary appraisal.

A
  • Irrelevant
  • Benign-positive
  • Stressful
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27
Q

Describe irrelevant primary appraisal.

A

Outcome holds no significance to individual

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28
Q

Describe benign-positive primary appraisal.

A

Perceived as producing pleasure for the individual

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29
Q

Stress appraisals include what three subdivisions?

A
  • Harm/loss
  • Threat
  • Challenge
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30
Q

Describe harm or loss appraisals.

A

Damage or loss already experienced by the individual

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31
Q

Describe threat appraisals.

A

Perceived as an anticipated harms or losses

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32
Q

Describe challenging appraisals.

A

Individual focuses on potential for gain or growth rather than risks

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33
Q

Challenge appraisals produce _______ even though the emotions associated with it are positive.

A

Stress

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34
Q

When stress is produced in response to harm or loss, threat or challenge, what is made by the individual?

A

Secondary appraisal

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35
Q

What is secondary appraisal?

A

Assessment of skills, resources, and knowledge that a person possesses to deal with a situation

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36
Q

Which questions are asked during the secondary appraisal?

A
  • Which coping strategies are available to me?
  • Will the option I choose be effective in this situation?
  • Do I have the ability to use the strategy in an effective manner?
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37
Q

A student with an A average is to take an exam. The student is relaxed and says the exam is not of concern because a failing grade would not affect successful completion of the course. What has contributed to this student’s adaptations response to stress?
A. The student judges the event as irrelevant
B. The actual precipitating event
C. The students cognitive appraisal of the situation
D. The event is appraised as challenging

A

C

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38
Q

_________ ________ strongly influence whether a response to stress is adaptive or maladaptive.

A

Prediosposing factors

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39
Q

List the types of predisposing factors according to Hobfoll.

A
  • Genetic influences
  • Past experiences
  • Availability of resources
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40
Q

________ ____________ involves the use of coping strategies in response to stressful situations.

A

Stress management

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41
Q

Adaptive responses help restore the body to what state?

A

Homeostasis

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42
Q

What is resilience?

A

Positive adaptation in response to adversity

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43
Q

Coping strategies are considered adaptive if they do what?

A
  • Protect individual from harm

- Strengthen individuals ability to meet challenging situations

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44
Q

The nurse knows what about a patient who is appearing overly anxious in the moment?

A

Patient needs to be calmed down before implementing coping strategies

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45
Q

List examples of adaptive coping strategies.

A
  • Awareness
  • Relaxation
  • Meditation
  • Interpersonal communication
  • Problem-solving
  • Pets
  • Music
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46
Q

Which coping strategy has been known to significantly lower blood pressure and stress in individuals, if performed for 20 minutes each day?

A

Meditation

47
Q

When are responses considered maladaptive?

A

When conflict goes unresolved or intensifies

48
Q

Responses to stress ________ amongst individuals.

A

Vary

49
Q

List the process of problem-solving and decision-making in order.

A
  • Assess facts of situation
  • Formulate goals for resolution
  • Study the alternatives to situation
  • Determine the risks and benefits of alternatives
  • Select an alternative
  • Implement the alternative
  • Evaluating the outcome of the alternative
  • Select a second alternative if first alternative is ineffective
50
Q

What is the initial step in managing stress?

A

Awareness

51
Q

List the two primary psychological response patterns to stress.

A
  • Anxiety

- Grief

52
Q

Who was the first person to place mental illness in a physical rather than supernatural context?

A

Hippocrates

53
Q

Define self-actualization.

A

Fulfillment of one’s highest potential

54
Q

Define mental health.

A

The successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment

55
Q

In which level of anxiety is learning enhanced and causes the patient to perform at a higher level?

A

Mild anxiety

56
Q

A patient with anxiety begins to have headaches, heart palpitations and difficulty sleeping. What level of anxiety is this patient experiencing?

A

Severe anxiety

57
Q

When are defense mechanisms most often deployed by the ego?

A

When biological or psychological integrity is threatened

58
Q

Defense mechanisms are deployed to relieve what level of anxiety?

A

Mild-to-moderate anxiety

59
Q

Maladaptive use of defense mechanisms promotes __________ of the ego.

A

Disintegration

60
Q

In which defense mechanism does a person make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors?

A

Rationalization

61
Q

Give an example of rationalization.

A

A patient tells the rehab nurse, “I drink because its the only way I can deal with my bad marriage”

62
Q

In which defense mechanism does a person attribute feelings or impulses unacceptable to ones self onto another person?

A

Projection

63
Q

Give an example of projection.

A

A man who is addicted to alcohol blames his wife for his excessive drinking

64
Q

In which defense mechanism does a person retreat to an earlier level of development as a comfort measure?

A

Regression

65
Q

Give an example of regression.

A

An adult throws a temper tantrum in response to an event

66
Q

In which defense mechanism does a person rechannel drives and impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive?

A

Sublimation

67
Q

Give an example of sublimation.

A

A woman’s mother dies from cancer so she channels her anger, grief and energy into becoming an advocate for cancer research

68
Q

In which defense mechanism does a person refuse to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it?

A

Denial

69
Q

Give an example of denial.

A

A woman drinks alcohol every day and cannot stop failing to acknowledge that she has a problem

70
Q

List common characters of people with neurosis.

A
  • Feel helpless to change their situation
  • Aware they are experiencing distress
  • Aware their behaviors are maladaptive
  • Unaware of any possible psychological causes of distress
  • Experience no loss of contact with reality
71
Q

List common characters of people with psychoses.

A
  • Exhibit minimal distress
  • Unaware behaviors are maladaptive
  • Unaware of psychological problem
  • Exhibit a flight from reality
72
Q

The absence of mourning is ___________ in relation to grief.

A

Maladaptive

73
Q

List the five stages of the grief process in the order of which they occur.

A
  • Denial
  • Anger
  • Bargaining
  • Depression
  • Acceptance
74
Q

What feeling often lengthens the grieving process?

A

Guilt

75
Q

What type of grief occurs prematurely and may cause an individual to emotional disengage from the dying person?

A

Anticipatory grief

76
Q

Describe bereavement overload.

A

Person experiences multiple losses in a short amount of time which makes it difficult to overcome mourning entirely

77
Q

When is grief considered maladaptive?

A

Individual is unable to satisfactorily progress through stages of grieving

78
Q

The study of biological foundations of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes is known as?

A

Psychobiology

79
Q

The limbic system is sometimes referred to as the what? What is the limbic system responsible for?

A
  • “Emotional brain”

- Regulates emotions

80
Q

How do neurotransmitters convey information to neighboring target cells?

A

Synaptic cleft

81
Q

Which autonomic nervous system is dominant in stressful situations?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

82
Q

_______________ are central to the therapeutic action of many psychotropic medications.

A

Neurotransmitters

83
Q

Which neurotransmitter affects sleep, arousal, pain perception, and memory acquisition and retention?

A

Acetylcholine

84
Q

Decreased amounts of acetylcholine are associated with what disorders?

A
  • Memory deficit disorders (Alzheimers)

- Motor function disorders (Parkinsons)

85
Q

List the functions of norepinephrine.

A

Regulate:

  • Mood
  • Cognition
  • Perception
  • Sleep
  • Arousal
86
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the fight-or-flight response?

A

Norepinephrine

87
Q

Decreased levels of norepinephrine is associated with what mental disorders?

A

Depression

88
Q

Increased levels of norepinephrine is associated with what mental disorders?

A
  • Mania
  • Anxiety
  • Schizophrenia
89
Q

The functions of which neurotransmitter include regulation of movement, emotions, voluntary decision making, and the release of prolactin?

A

Dopamine

90
Q

Decreased levels of dopamine are associated with what mental disorders?

A

Depression

91
Q

Increased levels of dopamine are associated with what mental disorders?

A
  • Mania

- Schizophrenia

92
Q

Abnormal secretion of growth hormone is shown to have a relationship with what disorder

A

Anorexia nervosa

93
Q

Elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone may cause what signs or symptoms in a person?

A
  • Depression

- Fatigue

94
Q

Increased levels of prolactin are associated with what mental disorders?

A
  • Depression

- Anxiety

95
Q

Decreased levels of prolactin are associated with what mental disorders?

A

Schizophrenia

96
Q

What stage of sleep-wakefulness cycle is associated with deep and restful sleep?

A

Stage 3 - Delta Rhythm

97
Q

What stage of sleep-wakefulness cycle is considered the deepest stage of sleep?

A

Stage 4 - Delta Rhythm

98
Q

People with sleep disorders never reach which stage of sleep?

A

Stage 4

99
Q

The process by which neurotransmitters return to the presynaptic cleft is known as what?

A

Reuptake

100
Q

When are serotonin and norepinephrine most active?

A

During non-REM sleep

101
Q

Which amino acid affects sleep?

A

L-tryptophan

102
Q

Twins who suffer from the same psychiatric disorder are referred to as what?

A

Concordant

103
Q

Individuals with mental illness were often feared because of common beliefs associating them with what?

A
  • Demons

- Supernatural

104
Q

Which drug class blocks dopamine receptors?

A

Antipsychotics

105
Q

List the two types of antipsychotics.

A
  • Atypicals

- Typicals

106
Q

When combined with alcohol, the effects of anxiolytics are __________.

A

Increased

107
Q

When combined with caffeine or cigarette smoking, the effects of anxiolytics are __________.

A

Decreased

108
Q

Which drug class blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine?

A

Antidepressants

109
Q

The nurse knows a patient receiving an SSRI and MAOI concurrently is at an increased risk for what adverse reaction?

A

Hypertensive crisis

110
Q

Circadian rhythms influence a variety of regulatory functions, such as what?

A
  • Sleep-wake cycle
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Activity patterns
111
Q

Which branch of medicine studies the effects of social and psychological factors on the immune system?

A

Psychoimmunology

112
Q

Which type of antipsychotic produces fewer extrapyramidal effects?

A

Atypicals

113
Q

What substance should be avoided when taking benzodiazepines?

A

Alcohol

Health and Illness Concepts II Nursing: N2310 (10 decks)

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