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I need to learen > Haematology 1 > Flashcards

Haematology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do blood cells originate from and what 2 things do they give rise to

A

Multipotent haemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

Myeloid stem cell/precursor
Lymphoid stem cell

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2
Q

What can a lymphoid stem cell give rise to

A

NK cell
B cell
T cell

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3
Q

What can a myeloid stem cell give rise to

A

Proerythroblast

Granulocyte
Erythroid
Megakaryocyte

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4
Q

What feature are stem cells characterised by and how is it achieved

A

Ability to self renew and produce mature progeny
They can divide into two cells with different characteristics, one another stem cell and the other a cell capable of differentiating to mature progeny

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5
Q

Describe the how a stem cell gives rise to a red cell

A
  1. Multipotent haemopoietic stem cells
  2. Myeloid stem cell precursor
  3. Proerythroblast
  4. Erythroblasts
  5. erythrocytes
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6
Q

What is erythropoiesis and what does it require

A 
Production of red cells
Requires erythropoietin (synthesised by the kidney)
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7
Q

Describe the red cell response to hypoxia

A
  1. Hypoxia/anaemia
  2. Erythropoietin synthesis
  3. Increased bone marrow activity
  4. Increased red cell production
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8
Q

Where does erythropoietin synthesis occur (+proportion)

A

Liver hepatocytes and interstitial cells - 10%

Kidney juxtatubular interstitial cell - 90%

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9
Q

Describe the red blood cell (lifespan, functions and excretion/removal)

A

Survives 120 days in the blood stream
Function is oxygen and CO2 transport
Destroyed phagocytic cells of the spleen

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10
Q

Describe the physiology of white cells from stem cells

A
  1. Multipotent haemopoietic stem cell
  2. Myeloblast + monoblast
  3. Granulocytes + monocytes
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11
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

Defence against infections via phagocytosis

Neutrophil granulocytes survive 7-10 hours in the circulation before migrating to tissues

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12
Q

Describe eosinophils (role+circulatory lifespan)

A

Defence against parasitic infection

Shorter duration in the circulation than the neutrophil

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13
Q

What is the role of basophils

A

Allergic response

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14
Q

Describe monocytes

A

Migrate to tissues where they develop into macrophages - phagocytic and scavenging function
Stores and releases iron
Stays in the circulation for several days

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15
Q

Describe platelets

A

Primary haemostasis
Contribute phospholipid - promotes blood coagulation
Derived from megakaryocytic
Survive 10 days in circulation

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16
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A

Lymphoid stem cells -> T, B, NK cells
Lymphocytes recirculate to lymph nodes and other tissues then back to the blood
Variable intravascular lifespan

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17
Q

What is anisocytosis

A

Red cells show more variation in size than is normal

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18
Q

What is poikilocytosis

A

Red cells show more variation in shape than is normal

19
Q

What is microcytosis

A

Red cells are smaller than normal

microcyte = cell that is smaller

20
Q

What is macrocytosis

A

Red cells are larger than normal

macrocyte = cell that is larger

21
Q

What are the types of macrocytes

A

Round macrocytes
Oval macrocytes
Polychromatic macrocytes

22
Q

Describe the colour differences in a normal red cell

A

1/3 of the diameter of red cells are pale

Due to the disk shape of the cell the centre has less haemoglobin

23
Q

What is hypochromia

A

Red cells have a larger area of central pallor than normal
Due to a lower haemoglobin content and conc. + flatter cell
Often associated with microcytosis

24
Q

What is hyperchromia

A

Cells lack central pallor
Due to greater thickness or abnormal shape
2 types: spherocytes and irregularly contracted cells

25
Q

Describe spherocytes

A

Cells that are approx. spherical
Round, regular outline and lack central pallor
Due to loss of cell membrane without the loss of an equivalent amount of cytoplasm -> round cell

26
Q

Describe irregularly contracted cells

A

Irregular outline but smaller than normal cells + no central pallor
Due to oxidant damage to the cell membrane and to the haemoglobin

27
Q

What is polychromasia

A

Increased blue tinge to the cytoplasm of a red cell

Indicates that the red cell is young

28
Q

How can you tell which red cells are young

A

Look for polychromasia

Reticulocyte stain - exposes red cells to new methylene blue, precipitates as a network of reticulum

29
Q

What are the shapes that poikilocytes can come in

A 
Spherocytes
Irregularly contracted cells
Sickle cells
Target cells
Elliptocytes q
Fragments
30
Q

Describe target cells

A

Cells with an accumulation of haemoglobin in the centre of the area of central pallor
Occurs in obstructive jaundice, liver disease, haemoglobinopathies and hyposplenism

31
Q

Describe elliptocytes

A

Elliptical in shape

Occurs in hereditary elliptocytosis and in iron deficiency

32
Q

Describe sickle cells

A

Sickle or crescent shaped

Results from the polymerisation of haemoglobin S when it is present in a high concentration

33
Q

Describe fragments

A

AKA schistocytes
Small pieces of red cells
Indicates that a red cell has fragmented

34
Q

Describe rouleaux

A

Stacks of red cells
Resembles a pile of coins
Results from alterations in plasma proteins

35
Q

What are agglutinates

A

Similar to rouleaux but are irregular clumps

Results from antibodies on the surface of the cells

36
Q

What is a Howell-Jolly body

A

Nuclear remnant in a red cell

Commonest cause is lack of splenic function

37
Q 
Define:
Leucocytosis
Leucopenia
Neutrophilia
Neutropenia
Lymphocytosis
Eosniphilia
A 
Leucocytosis - too many white cells
Leucopenia - too few white cells
Neutrophilia - too many neutrophils
Neutropenia - too few neutrophils
Lymphocytosis - too many lymphocytes
Eosniphilia - too many eosinophils
38
Q 
Define: 
Thrombocytosis 
Thrombocytopenia 
Erythrocytosis 
Reticulocytosis 
Lymphopenia
A 
Thrombocytosis - too many 
Thrombocytopenia 
Erythrocytosis 
Reticulocytosis 
Lymphopenia
39
Q

What does atypical lymphocyte describe

A

Abnormal cells present in infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

40
Q

What is left shift

A

Increase in non-segmented neutrophils or neutrophil precursors present in the blood

41
Q

What is toxic granulation

A

Heavy granulation of neutrophils
Results from infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis
Normal feature of pregnancy

42
Q

Describe the hypersegmented neutrophil

A

Increase in the average number of neutrophil lobes or segments
Results from a lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid
Right shift

43
Q

What is required for differentiation of multipotent haemopoietic stem cells into granulocytes/monocytes

A

Cytokines (G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF)

interleukins are required

I need to learen (23 decks)

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