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PSYC311: Human Cognition and the Brain > Lecture 8: Language > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Language Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different aspects of language?

A
  • Comprehension
  • Production
  • Reading
  • Writing
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2
Q

True or False

The network whose functionality is language involves ONLY areas of the brain that are language specific.

A

False, language involved many non-language specific areas for example:

vision, working memory, motor functions, auditory processing, etc…

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3
Q

What constitutes the Inferior Frontal Gyrus?

A
  • Broca’s area
    • Which is composed of Brodmann areas 44 and 45
  • Function:
    • Speech production
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4
Q

Which were Broca’s patients?

A
  • Lelong and Leborgne
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5
Q

**What was Tan’s real name and where was his lesion?

A
  • Leborgne
  • Inferior frontal region
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6
Q

What were the symptoms displayed by Leborgn and Lelong?

A
  • Leborgne:
    • could only say ‘Tan’
  • Lelong:
    • could only used a few words
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7
Q

True or False

Lelong had language comprehension intact but Lebornge did not.

A

False. It was concluded for both that their language comprehension was intact.

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8
Q

True or False

There was no clear evidence that specific damage to Broca’s area would cause the same language production deficits.

A

True

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9
Q

What are the regions for speech production?

A
  • Broca’s area
  • Anterior Insula (left)
  • Basal ganglia
  • Cerebellum
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10
Q

What is the role of the anterior insula on the left hemisphere in speech production?

A
  • Coordination of speech articulation
  • Part of the orofacial motor system
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11
Q

What is the role of the basal ganglia in speech production?

A
  • Cognitive control
  • Support selection of appropriate phonological and articulatory representations of lexical items
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12
Q

What is the role of the Precentral region of the Insula in speech production?

A
  • Orofacial musculature control
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13
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in speech production?

A
  • Motor planning and control
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14
Q

Who established the core language regions during neurosurgical operations?

A
  • Penfield
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15
Q

What was Penfield’s important contribution and how did he did it?

A
  • He established the core language regions
  • He would electrically stimulate neurosurgery patients.
  • Goal: stimulate brain areas and see how it interfere with speech
  • Procedure:
    • Ask patient to count, name pictures or objects or be silent
    • vocalisation: Spontaneous production of speech on silent patients
      • Orofacial region (pre-central gyrus)
    • disruption of speech: Interference with the motor production of words or incorrect naming
      • ventral precentral regions and supplementary motor region
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16
Q

What happens if you electrically stimulate the pre-central areas?

A
  • Evoke sound or vocalisation
17
Q

What happens if you electrically stimulate area 44?

A
  • speech arrest
18
Q

Area 45

A
  • Pars Triangularis
  • Active retrieval of information before it can be articulated
  • Strong connection with auditory and semantics processing in temporal areas
  • Strong connections with other frontal areas
    • Integration and selective retrieval of information
19
Q

Area 44

A
  • Pars opercularis
  • Between cognitive retrieval (area 45) and motor/articulatory area (area 6)
  • Translate info to action
  • Strong connections to the supramarginal gyrus (phonological processing)
20
Q

Which are the Peri-Sylvian Areas?

A
  • Broca’s Area:
    • Areas 44, 45
  • Orififacial motor system (area 6)
21
Q

Which region is the critical region for auditory language comprehension?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus

22
Q

What are the aspects of comprehension of language?

A
  1. Acoustic-phonological analysis of the speech input
    1. Heschl’s gyrus (Areas 41 and 42 )
      1. Primary Auditory Cortex
      2. Function:
        1. Processing of any type of sound
    2. STG and STS (area 22)
      1. Secondary Auditory Cortex
      2. Function:
        1. differentiate speech versus nonspeech
  2. Syntactic and semantic processing:
    1. MTG:
      1. Comprehension of words
    2. STG:
      1. Anterior:
        1. syntactic structure
        2. also semantic
      2. Posterior:
        1. semantics
        2. grammar aspects
23
Q

What is involved in sentence processing?

A
  1. Acoustic-phonological analysis
  2. Sentence-level processing:
    1. Local phrase is built on the basis of word categories
  3. Syntactic and semantic relations:
    1. interpretation and comprehension
24
Q

What is the role of the Inferior Parietal Lobule in language?

A
  • Reading and writing
  • Geschwind’s territory
25
Q

What is the role of the supramarginal gyrus in language?

A

Phonological processing

26
Q

Dejerine’s patients had impaired reading and writing. Where did they had their lesions?

A

Angular gyrus

27
Q

What constitutes the IPL?

A

Supramarginal gyrus and Angular gyrus

28
Q

What area of the brain did Penfield, Wernicke and Dejerine worked on?

A
  • Penfield:
    • Inferior Frontal Gyrus (Broca’s area, or areas 44, 45 and 6)
  • Wernicke:
    • Posterior temporal regions
      • STG
  • Dejerine:
    • Inferior Pariteal Lobule (IPL)
29
Q

What are the connections within the language network?

A
  • There are short and long-range connections:
    • Short: within an area
    • Long: across areas
  • Dual stream model:
    • Dorsal:
      • auditory-motor integration
    • Ventral:
      • mapping sound-to-meaning
30
Q

How do Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area communicate?

A
  • Through the Arcuate Fasciculus
    • This is the classic language pathway
    • Posterior temporal with ventrolateral frontal
  • Lesions:
    • Conduction aphasia
      • impairment of repetition of speech
31
Q

True or False

AF can be divided into two branches for language.

A

True:

  • Dorsal:
    • Frontal lobe for attentional control (auditory frontal attention)
  • Ventral:
    • Connecting IFG
32
Q

What are the components of SLF?

A
  • SLF I
  • SLF II
    • Stronger connections with area 45
    • Connections with Angular gyrus
    • Semantic processing with verbal retreival
  • SLF III
    • Stronger connection to area 44
      • resting state in humans
    • Connections to the supramarginal gyrus with Brocas
      • Articulatory loop
    • Involved in phonological processing
33
Q

What is the role of the Fronto-Temporal Extrem Capsule Fasciculus in language?

A
  • Connects frontal region with supero-lateral temporal region
  • Runs under the insula
  • Function:
    • Long-term storage of semantic information
    • ventral stream of language
    • Controlled retrieval and selection among competing semantic representations
34
Q

Differences in functionality between AF and TFexcF

A
  • AF:
    • map phonemic representations onto motor representations
  • TFexcF:
    • Connects middle temporal areas (lexical and semantic processing)
    • Derive meaning
  • Both interact closely

PSYC311: Human Cognition and the Brain (26 decks)

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