10.6 Intro Flashcards
1
Q
B lymphocytes make up the (humoral/cellular) arm of the adaptive immune system
A
B lymphocytes make up the humoral arm of the adaptive immune system
2
Q
Organs and tissues of the immune system that contain the developing lymphocytes (ie bone marrow and thymus) are called the (central/peripheral) immune system
A
Organs and tissues of the immune system that contain the developing lymphocytes (ie bone marrow and thymus) are called the central immune system
* Sometimes called primary vs secondary
3
Q
Organs and tissues of the immune system that contain the more mature cells to activate in host defense (including spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT) are called the (central/peripheral) immune system
A
Organs and tissues of the immune system that contain the more mature cells to activate in host defense (including spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT) are called the peripheral immune system
4
Q
MALT stands for _
A
MALT stands for mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
* Includes: tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s pathches, other mucosal lymphoid tissues
5
Q
The thymus is an important site for (T cell/ B cell) maturation; it can be seen in neonates near _
A
The thymus is an important site for T cell maturation; it can be seen in neonates near right upper chest
* Called a sail sign
6
Q
(True/ False) Lymph carries red blood cells
A
False; Lymph does not carry red blood cells
* Only carries white blood cells and plasma
7
Q
Three roles of the lymphatic system
A
- Collect and drain excess fluid from surrounding tissue and to return it to the vascular system
- Absorb fat from the villi of the small intestine
- Act as a conduit for immune cells to get back into circulation
8
Q
Lack of proper function of lymphatic drainage results in a collection/backup of lymph called _
A
Lack of proper function of lymphatic drainage results in a collection/backup of lymph called lymphedema
* Can result from problems associated with infection, blockage, and malignancy
9
Q
A particular disease related to blockage of lymphatic drainage can result from a parasitic infection spread by mosquitos called _
A
A particular disease related to blockage of lymphatic drainage can result from a parasitic infection spread by mosquitos called filariasis
10
Q
We have physical barriers like _ and _ to keep pathogens out
A
We have physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes to keep pathogens out
11
Q
We have chemical agents that are secreted to exert a wide range of antimicrobial effects; two examples are _ and _
A
We have chemical agents that are secreted to exert a wide range of antimicrobial effects; two examples are low pH and hydrolytic enzymes
12
Q
We have certain physical actions that keep pathogens away; for example urination prevents colonization of the urethra; the respiratory and GI tracts are coated with _
A
We have certain physical actions that keep pathogens away; for example urination prevents colonization of the urethra; the respiratory and GI tracts are coated with sticky mucus
13
Q
_ cells engulf bacteria and fungi; they increase reactive oxygen species in what is called “oxidative burst”
A
Neutrophils engulf bacteria and fungi; they increase reactive oxygen species in what is called “oxidative burst”
14
Q
_ cells are associated with parasitic infection
A
Eosinophils are associated with parasitic infection
- “Mast cells are tissue resident cells and uniquely required for immediate hypersensitivity.
Basophils are largely circulating cells, but home to areas of allergic inflammation during the late phase response. Eosinophils are resident to the GI tract, but also home to allergic inflammatory sites.”
15
Q
_ cells are associated with hypersensitivity and release of histamine
A
Basophils are associated with hypersensitivity and release of histamine
- Mast cells are tissue resident cells and uniquely required for immediate hypersensitivity. Basophils are largely circulating cells, but home to areas of allergic inflammation during the late phase response. Eosinophils are resident to the GI tract, but also home to allergic inflammatory sites.
16
Q
_ cells have granules containing vasoactive amines like histamines and proteases that will kill bacteria
A
Mast cells have granules containing vasoactive amines like histamines and proteases that will kill bacteria
- Mast cells are tissue resident cells and uniquely required for immediate hypersensitivity. Basophils are largely circulating cells, but home to areas of allergic inflammation during the late phase response. Eosinophils are resident to the GI tract, but also home to allergic inflammatory sites.
17
Q
_ are cells that recognize stress or infected cells and kills them by secreting INF-gamma
A
Natural killer cells are cells that recognize stress or infected cells and kills them by secreting INF-gamma
18
Q
_ cells are involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and the initiation of T-cell response
A
Dendritic cells are involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and the initiation of T-cell response
19
Q
_ cells are considered WBC lymphocytes but are actually part of the innate immune system
A
Natural killer cells are considered WBC lymphocytes but are actually part of the innate immune system
20
Q
Bacterial infections will be fought off by 4 components of the immune system _ , _ , _ , and _
A
Bacterial infections will be fought off by 4 components of the immune system
* Complement
* Neutrophils
* Macrophages
* Dendritic cells
21
Q
Parasitic infections are fought off by _
A
Parasitic infections are fought off by eosinophils
22
Q
Fungal infections are fought off primarily by _ but also _
A
Fungal infections are primarily fought off by neutrophils but also macrophages
23
Q
Viral infections are fought off by 5 components of the immune system
A
Viral infections are fought off by:
1. Complement
2. Interferons
3. NK cells
4. Dendritic cells
5. Macrophages
24
Q
_ are the microbial molecules that are present on invading cells that stimulate the innate immune system to act
A
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are the microbial molecules that are present on invading cells that stimulate the innate immune system to act
25
The _ recognize and bind PAMPs
The **pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)** recognize and bind PAMPs
26
One of the best studied PAMP is the _ of gram-negative bacteria that stimulates the PRR _
One of the best studied PAMP is the **LPS** of gram-negative bacteria that stimulates the PRR **TLR4**
27
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can either be _ or _ (location)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can either be **secreted/circulating** or **transmembrane/intracellular**
28
_ is a special protein complex that recognizes products of dead cells, microbes, and crystals; it activates IL-1
**Inflammasome** is a special protein complex that recognizes products of dead cells, microbes, and crystals; it activates IL-1
29
_ is a cytokine induced by macrophages and T cells that acts on:
* Endothelial cells to induce inflammation and coagulation
* Hypothalamus to induce fever
* Liver to synthesize acute-phase proteins
* Muscle to induce catabolism
* Cells to undergo apoptosis
* Stimulation of neutrophils
**Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)** is a cytokine induced by macrophages and T cells that acts on:
* Endothelial cells to induce inflammation and coagulation
* Hypothalamus to induce fever
* Liver to synthesize acute-phase proteins
* Muscle to induce catabolism
* Cells to undergo apoptosis
* Stimulation of neutrophils
30
_ is a cytokine released by macrophages and endothelial cells that triggers inflammation/coagulation (endothelial cells), fever (hypothalamus), acute phase proteins (liver), and TH17 differentiation (T cells)
**IL-1** is a cytokine released by macrophages and endothelial cells that triggers inflammation/coagulation (endothelial cells), fever (hypothalamus), acute phase proteins (liver), and TH17 differentiation (T cells)
31
_ is a cytokine released by NK cells and T lymphocytes that works to activate macrophages and stimulates some antibody responses
**Interferon-gamma** is a cytokine released by NK cells and T lymphocytes that works to activate macrophages and stimulates some antibody responses
32
The three main, pro-inflammatory cytokines are _ , _ , and _
The three main, pro-inflammatory cytokines are **TNF-alpha** , **IL-6** , and **IL-1**
* Involved in initial inflammation and onset of fever
33
_ is a cytokine that tells the liver to synthesize acute-phase proteins and tells the B cells to begin proliferation of antibody-producing cells
**IL-6** is a cytokine that tells the liver to synthesize acute-phase proteins and tells the B cells to begin proliferation of antibody-producing cells
* Ex: *C-reactive protein* is one of the acute phase protein produced by the liver
34
(Innate/ Adaptive) immunity is activated by PAMPs binding to phagocytic cells
**Innate immunity** is activated by PAMPs binding to phagocytic cells
35
_ are low MW, soluble proteins that serve as the chemical messengers for regulating innate and adaptive immune systems
**Cytokines** are low MW, soluble proteins that serve as the chemical messengers for regulating innate and adaptive immune systems
36
Cytokines that travel in the bloodstream to activate distant tissues are considered _
Cytokines that travel in the bloodstream to activate distant tissues are considered **endocrine**
* Autocrine: self
* Paracrine: adjacent
37
The three main endogenous pyrogens are cytokines _ , _ , and _
The three main endogenous pyrogens are cytokines **TNF-alpha** , **IL-1** , and **IFNs**
38
_ are special cytokines that move cells
**Chemokines** are special cytokines that move cells
* Abbreviation: CXCL
39
_ is the important chemokine involved in the recruitment of neutrophils
**CXCL8** is the important chemokine involved in the **recruitment of neutrophils**
*Otherwise known as IL-8*
40
_ is the important chemokine involved in recruiting naiive T cells
**CXCL2** is the important chemokine involved in recruiting **naive T cells**
41
_ is a special chemokine that activates and recruits macrophages
**CCL2** is a special chemokine that activates and recruits **macrophages**
* Also called monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)
42
_ is a chemokine that helps inhibit overactivation/ inflammation by T cells; it stimulates regulatory T cells and the differentiation of TH17
**TGF-beta** is a chemokine that helps inhibit overactivation/ inflammation by T cells; it stimulates **regulatory T cells** and the differentiation of TH17
* Prevents the dangerous cytokine storm
43
CD4 and CD8 T cells secrete cytokine _ which is involved in the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of effector and regulatory T cells
CD4 and CD8 T cells secrete cytokine **IL-2** which is involved in the **survival, proliferation, and differentiation of effector and regulatory T cells**
44
CD4 and mast cells secrete the cytokine _ which is involved in B cell switching to IgE
CD4 and mast cells secrete the cytokine **IL-4** which is involved in **B cell switching to IgE**
45
CD4 and mast cells secrete the cytokine _ which is involved in activation of eosinophils
CD4 and mast cells secrete the cytokine **IL-5** which is involved in **activation of eosinophils**
46
CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and NK cells secrete cytokine _ which is involved in the activation of macrophages
CD4 cells, CD8 cells, and NK cells secrete cytokine **IFN-gamma** which is involved in the **activation of macrophages**
47
CD4 cells (and others) secrete cytokine _ which is involved in the stimulation of acute inflammation
CD4 cells (and others) secrete cytokine **IL-17** which is involved in the **stimulation of acute inflammation**
48
CD4 and other cells of the innate immune system secrete cytokine _ which stimulates the inhibition of T cell activation and differentiation of regulatory T cells
CD4 and other cells of the innate immune system secrete cytokine **TGF-beta** which stimulates the **inhibition of T cell activation and differentiation of regulatory T cells**
49
_ cells are the primary cells involved in *tissue healing*
**Macrophages** are the primary cells involved in **tissue healing**
* Once signaled by infection resolution, macrophages can produce anti-inflammatory signals as well as signaling tissue-healing cells to arrive at damaged tissues
* They can also phagocytose dead tissues to allow for new, healthy tissue to grow
50
Drugs that inhibit _ are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn disease
Drugs that inhibit **TNF-α** are being developed for the treatment of inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn disease
51
What is the risk to using drugs that inhibit TNF-alpha for treatment of inflammatory disorders?
The risk is that the patient could become immunocompromised
* Reactivation of tuberculosis and hepatitis has been seen with use of these drugs
52
The three main functions of complement are _ , _ , and _
The three main functions of complement are **"OIL"**:
**opsonization** , **inflammation** , and **lysis**
53
Complement activation helps to attach substances or antibodies to invading organisms to help phagocytosis; this is called _
Complement activation helps to attach substances or antibodies to invading organisms to help phagocytosis; this is called **opsonization**
54
Complement activation triggers _ by activating mast cells and basophils which dilate blood vessels; then inflammatory phagocytic cells will come in to remove the invading organism
Complement activation triggers **inflammation** by activating mast cells and basophils which dilate blood vessels; then inflammatory phagocytic cells will come in to remove the invading organism
55
After opsonization and inflammation, the complement system generates proteins that can penetrate the invading cell's cell wall to induce _
After opsonization and inflammation, the complement system generates proteins that can penetrate the invading cell's cell wall to induce **lysis**
56
The three complement pathways are _ , _ , and _
The three complement pathways are **alternative** , **lectin** , and **classical**
* Usually initiated in this order but we can have all three of these happening at the same time
57
_ , _ , and _ are three complement proteins that are anaphylatoxins that promote vasodilation through the release of histamines
**C3a** , **C4a**, and **C5a** are three complement proteins that are anaphylatoxins that promote vasodilation through the release of histamines
* These are revving everything up
* Think anaphylaxis
58
In addition to having the ability to release histamines and promote vasodilation, _ (complement protein) also increases neutrophil chemotaxis
In addition to having the ability to release histamines and promote vasodilation, **C5a** (complement protein) also increases neutrophil chemotaxis
59
Deficiencies in complement proteins that form MAC (C5b-9) can increase susceptibility to _
Deficiencies in complement proteins that form MAC (C5b-9) can increase susceptibility to **gram-negative bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis**
60
Complement proteins _ make up the membrane attack complex (MAC)
Complement proteins **C5b-9** make up the membrane attack complex (MAC)
61
Complement protein _ is helping with opsonization
Complement protein **C3b** is helping with opsonization
62
Activation of the classical pathway requires interaction with _
Activation of the classical pathway requires interaction with **IgG** or **IgM**
63
Activation of the lectin pathway requires _
Activation of the lectin pathway requires **mannose**
64
Activation of the alternative pathway requires _
Activation of the alternative pathway requires **microbial surface**
65
Describe the steps of the classical pathway:
Classical pathway:
1. **Fc** portion of Ig interacts with **C1**
2. C1 **splits C4 and C2**
3. C4b2b forms **C3 convertase**
4. C3 convertase **splits C3**
5. C4b2b3b forms the **C5 convertase**
6. C5 convertase **splits C5**
7. **C5b joins MAC**
66
Instead of using C1 to kick off the complement pathway, the lectin pathway uses _
Instead of using C1 to kick off the complement pathway, the lectin pathway uses **mannose-binding lectin (MBL)**
* MBL take the place of C1 and splits C4
67
The alternative pathway relies on the presence of complement protein _ floating around which will join Bb to form C3 convertase
The alternative pathway relies on the presence of complement protein **C3** floating around which will join Bb to form *C3 convertase*
68
_ is a protease inhibitor that downregulates C1q and C1s activation in the classical pathway; this prevents C1 activation from getting out of control
**C1 inhibitor** is a protease inhibitor that downregulates C1q and C1s activation in the classical pathway; this prevents C1 activation from getting out of control
69
C1-inhibitor deficiency causes uncontrolled C1 activation and leads to excessive vasoactive peptides like _
C1-inhibitor deficiency causes uncontrolled C1 activation and leads to excessive vasoactive peptides like **bradykinin**
* This is called *hereditary angiodema*
70
_ is a C1-inhibitor deficiency that causes excessive vasoactive peptides (bradykinin)
**Hereditary angidema** is a C1-inhibitor deficiency that causes excessive vasoactive peptides (bradykinin)
71
_ helps to down-regulate C3 convertase in the alternative pathway
**Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)** helps to down-regulate C3 convertase in the alternative pathway
* Deficiency can lead to paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
72
Paraxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a deficiency in _
Paraxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a deficiency in **decay accelerating factor (DAF)**
* Usually down-regulates C3 convertase in the alternative pathway
* Without it we get uncontrolled complement activation --> RBC lysis --> PNH
73
C1 deficiency: increased risk of _
C1 deficiency: **increased risk of immune complex disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)**
74
C3 deficiency: increased risk of _
C3 deficiency: **risk of encapsulated bacteria infection**
75
C2 deficiency: increased risk of _
C2 deficiency: **increased risk of immune complex disease (SLE)**
76
C1-inhibitor deficiency:
C1-inhibitor deficiency: **excessive vasoactive peptides (bradykinin) --> hereditary angiodema**
77
C4 deficiency: increased risk of _
C4 deficiency: **increased risk of immune complex disease (SLE)**
78
Deficiency in _ , _ , _ , _ , or _ may lead to increased susceptibility to Neisseria infection
Deficiency in **C5b** , **C6** , **C7** , **C8** , or **C9** may lead to increased susceptibility to Neisseria infection
* We call this a *terminal complement deficiency*
79
The three main cytokines that act as endogenous pyrogenes are _ , _ , and _
The three main cytokines that act as endogenous pyrogenes are **IL-1** , **IFNs** , and **TNF-alpha**
80
Direct binding of C3 to the cell surface of a microbe is the activating step of _ pathway
Direct binding of C3 to the cell surface of a microbe is the activating step of **alternative pathway**
81
Prevention of the cleavage of C2 and C4 is caused by _
Prevention of the cleavage of C2 and C4 is caused by **C1 esterase inhibitor**
82
The main function of IgA is _
The main function of IgA is **mucosal immunity**
* IgA will be present in the mucosa like in our noses to fight off pathogens like respiratory pathogens, for example
* IgA is technically the most abundant immunoglobulin in the body because we have so much mucosa
83
IgA is found in _ form
IgD, IgE, and IgG are all found in _ form
IgM is found in _ form
IgA is found in **dimer** form
IgD, IgE, and IgG are all found in **monomer** form
IgM is found in **pentamer** form
84
The immunoglobulin that has a pentamer form is _
The immunoglobulin that has a pentamer form is **IgM**
85
IgM is primarily responsible for _
IgM is primarily responsible for **activation of complement**
86
The main Ig involved in helminth defensea and mast cell degranulation (allergies) is _
The main Ig involved in helminth defensea and mast cell degranulation (allergies) is **IgE**
87
What are the key functions of IgG?
88
What is the purpose of increasing expression of endothelial adhesion molecules during acute inflammatory response to infection?
By increasing the endothelial adhesion molecules, we make it easier to hold onto **neutrophils in the site of infection**
89
_ is an important ligand found on T helper cells that enables class switching (plasma cells)
**CD40L** is an important ligand found on T helper cells that enables class switching (plasma cells)
90
Th17 cells secrete IL-17 to activate _ cells
Th17 cells secrete IL-17 to activate **neutrophils**
91
Treg cells suppress the immune response by secreting _ or _
Treg cells suppress the immune response by secreting **IGF-beta** or **IL-10**
92
Macrophages stimulate CD4+ cells to become Th1 cells by secreting _ cytokine
Macrophages stimulate CD4+ cells to become Th1 cells by secreting **IL-12**
93
Macrophages stimulate CD4+ cells to become Th2 cells by secreting _ cytokine
Macrophages stimulate CD4+ cells to become Th2 cells by secreting **IL-4**
94
In response to IL-12 secretion by the macrophages, Th1 cells secrete _ to activate the macrophages
In response to IL-12 secretion by the macrophages, Th1 cells secrete **IFN-gamma** to activate the macrophages
* IFN-gamma will stimulate macrophages but also CD8+ cells
95
(Th1/ Th2) help trigger cell-mediated response
**Th1** help trigger cell-mediated response
96
(Th1/ Th2) help trigger humoral-mediated response
**Th2** help trigger humoral-mediated response
97
The _ region determines antibody isotype
The **Fc region (constant region)** determines antibody isotype
98
Which is the Fc region?
**5 is the Fc region**
1 corresponds to the Fab region.
2 corresponds to the antigen-binding region.
3 corresponds to the complement-binding region.
4 corresponds to the hinge region.
99
Complement proteins and macrophages will bind to _ region of antibodies
Complement proteins and macrophages will bind to **Fc** region of antibodies
100
_ is the primary antibody produced upon initial immune system exposure to a foreign antigen
**IgM** is the primary antibody produced upon initial immune system exposure to a foreign antigen
* IgE, IgG, and IgA can only be produced once the B cell undergoes isotype switching
101
Somatic hypermutation and isotype switching occur in the _
Somatic hypermutation and isotype switching occur in the **lymph node**
102
VDJ and VJ recombination of B cells occurs in the _
VDJ and VJ recombination of B cells occurs in the **bone marrow** (while B cells are maturing)
103
Which cytokine promotes class switching to IgG?
IL-4
(IgG and IgE)
104
The most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood is _
The most abundant immunoglobulin in the blood is **IgG**
* Crosses the placenta
105
IgE cross-linking activates _ cells
IgE cross-linking activates **mast cells** --> type I hypersensitivity reaction
106
The most prevalent antibody in the blood is _
The most prevalent antibody in the blood is **IgG**
107
The most prevalent antibody in the body is _
The most prevalent antibody in the body is **IgA**
* Because the body has so much mucosa
108
VDJ recombination in B cells occurs early on in the maturation of B cells in the _
VDJ recombination in B cells occurs early on in the maturation of B cells in the **bone marrow**
* *Recombination process involving the DNA in the B cells that codes for antibody structure*
* *Allows us to have diversity in Fab regions*
109
Ig light chains do not have _ segments
Ig light chains do not have **Diversity (D)** segments
* They undergo VJ recombination
110
The enzymes that mediate somatic recombination are _
The enzymes that mediate somatic recombination are **RAG-1** and **RAG-2**: these are *VDJ recombinase enzymes*
111
A deficiency in RAG-1/ RAG-2 can lead to a complete lack of T and B cells called _
A deficiency in RAG-1/ RAG-2 can lead to a complete lack of T and B cells called **SCID**
112
The two naiive B cell antigen receptors are _ and _
The two naiive B cell antigen receptors are **IgD** and **IgM**
113
Within V regions, we have hyper-varible sequences that encode residues that contact the antigen; these are called _
Within V regions, we have hyper-varible sequences that encode residues that contact the antigen; these are called **complementarity-determining regions (CDRs)**
114
After clonal expansion of B cells, we can move into differentiation which included "perfecting" the B cells via processes like _ and _
After clonal expansion of B cells, we can move into differentiation which included "perfecting" the B cells via processes like **isotype switching** and **affinity maturation**
115
The primary antibody response involves _ (immunoglobulin)
The primary antibody response involves **IgM** (immunoglobulin)
* Does not peak for about *7-10 days*
116
Unlike the primary antibody response, the second antibody response is dominated by _ (immunoglobulin)
Unlike the primary antibody response, the second antibody response is dominated by **IgG** (immunoglobulin)
* And antibody levels peak much earlier, in about *4-5 days*
117
Mast cell degranulation is mediated by _ (immunoglobulin)
Mast cell degranulation is mediated by **IgE** (immunoglobulin)
118
The primary immunoglobulin involved in opsonization is _
The primary immunoglobulin involved in opsonization is **IgG**
119
The two primary immunoglobulins that activate complement are _ and _
The two primary immunoglobulins that activate complement are **IgM** and **IgG**
120
The primary immunoglobulin involved in transport across epithelium is _
The primary immunoglobulin involved in transport across epithelium is **IgA**
