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Nutritional in Life Span > 6 - Nutrition during Lactation > Flashcards

6 - Nutrition during Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Process of Mammary gland development

A

Puberty: Ovaries Maturation - Estrogen and Progesterone Hormone increased - Lobular structure in the mammary gland is starting to develop - Ductal system is matured
Pregnancy: Luteal and Placental hormones is produced - Milk glands starting to develop - Tubules elongation and epithelial cells duplications

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2
Q

Hormones that stimulate Milk glands development ____ and tubules elongation & epithelial cells duplication stimulate by _______

A

Estrogen ; Progesterone

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3
Q

Characteristic of Ductal system Maturation

A

Increase of Fibrous and Fatty tissues around the ducts

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4
Q

6 hormones that contributing to breast development and lactation

A 
Estrogen
Progesterone
Growth Hormone
Placental Lactogen
Prolactin
Oxytocin
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5
Q

Estrogen has a role of ______ during lactation and in which stage of lactation is occur?

A

Ductal Growth ; Mammary gland differentiation with menstruation

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6
Q

Progesterone has a role of ______ during lactation and in which stage of lactation is occur?

A

Alveolar development; After onset of menses and during pregnancy

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7
Q

Human Placental Lactogen has a role of ______ during lactation and in which stage of lactation is occur?

A

Alveolar Development; Pregnancy

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8
Q

Prolactin has a role of ______ during lactation and in which stage of lactation is occur?

A

Alveolar development and Milk Secretion; Pregnancy and Breastfeeding (trimester of pregnancy to weaning)

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9
Q

Oxytocin has a role of ______ during lactation and in which stage of lactation is occur?

A

Letdown->Ejection of milk; From the onset of milk secretion to weaning

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10
Q

There are 3 steps of Lactogenesis, define each steps of lactogenesis.

A

Lactogenesis I: 2nd and 3rd trimester extends through 0-2 days od postpartum - Colostrum production ( High in sigA & vitamin K) - Lactose and protein increase
Lactogenesis II: 2-5 postpartum - Increased blood flow into mammary gland - increase the volume of milk when baby increase suckling
Lactogenesis III: 10 days postpartum - Foremilk ( increase water and lactose) Hindmilk ( increase fat and energy) - Milk composition more stable

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11
Q

Components of Milk

A 
Lactose
Milk fat
Immunoglobulin
Other plasma proteins and componenst
water
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
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12
Q

Lactose is produced in ____ and secreted in ___

A

Secretory cells; Ducts (exocytosis)

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13
Q

Milk Fat is coming from ____ and secretes in ___

A

Triglycerides from mothers’ blood and new fatty acid in the breast; ducts

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14
Q

Immunoglobulin is coming from ____ and secretes in ___

A

Mothers’ blood and taken into alveolar cells; ducts

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15
Q

Water, Sodium. Potassium, and Chloride are using _____ to transport

A

Passive Diffusion

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16
Q

Pathway for Other plasma components and Leukocytes is ______

A

Paracellular Pathway (Pass directly between Cells)

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17
Q

Letdown Reflex Mechanism

A

Stimuli pass through the nerves into the hypothalamus - oxytocin hormone release from posterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

4 types of stimuli that cause letdown reflex

A

Infant suckling
Hearing a baby cry
Sexual Arousal
Nursing Thinking

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19
Q

Hormones that cause contraction of myoepithelial cells is ______

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

Milk secretion is caused by _____ hormones and milk ejection is caused by _____

A

Oxytocin; Prolactin

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21
Q

During Lactation the mothers need additional ___ kcal for first 6 months and ____ kcal per day afterwards

A

330;400

22
Q

Common Nutritional problems during lactation are

A

Inadequacy of folate, thiamin, vitamin A, calcium, iron, and zinc

23
Q

Effect of Protein-calorie malnutritions is ________

A

Decrease Volume of milk

24
Q

Advantages of Breastmilk rather than Formula milk

A

Protects infants from infectious and chronic diseases
Changeable over a single feeding, over a day, according age of infant
Contains hundreds of components

25
Q

Nutrition in Breastmilk are

A 
Colostrum
Water
Energy
Lipids
Protein
Milk Carbohydrates
Water&Fat Soluble vitamins
Minerals
26
Q

Benefits of consuming Colostrum

A

Have the highest of mononuclear cell that provides immune protection

27
Q

Breast milk is _____ to plasma

A

Isotonic

28
Q

Water allows suspension of several components, include

A 
Milk Sugar
Proteins
Immunoglobulin A
sodium
Potassium
Citrate
Magnesium
Calcium
Chloride
Water-soluble vitamins
29
Q

Milk Production of first month postpartum is _____ml per day and 4-5 months ___-___ ml per day

A

600;750-800

30
Q

Lipid composition in Breast milk

A

DHA
Trans Fatty acids
Cholesterol

31
Q

3 effects of maternal diet on fat composition

A

Does not vary according to maternal diet

Fatty acid profile reflects the variation of dietary fatty acid intake during pregnancy and postpartum

Low fat and low adequate calories from carbohydrate and protein then medium-chain fatty acid is synthesized in breast

32
Q

3 types of protein in breast milk

A

Casein
Whey protein
Nonprotein Nitrogen

33
Q

5 types of Milk Carbohydrates

A 
Lactose
Oligosaccharides
Monosaccharides (glucose)
Polysaccharides
Protein-bound carbohydrates
34
Q

4 fat soluble vitamins in Breastmilk

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

35
Q

Vitamin that response to the content of maternal diet

A 
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Vit B6
Bit B12
Choline
36
Q

Folate is bound to ______ in human milk and it’s less influenced by _______

A

Whey protein; Maternal Intake

37
Q

The highest amount of Mineral in Breast milk is _____

A

Calcium

38
Q

Why minerals are lower in breast milk rather than other mammalian milk?

A

Reduce the workload on kidneys

39
Q

Benefit of breastfeeding in hormonal level for mothers

A

Increased level of oxytocin - stimulates uterine contraction
Ovulation Delay - the long interval between pregnancies
Minimize maternal postpartum blood lost

40
Q

Benefit of breastfeeding in Physical level for mothers

A

Uterus size return to nonpregnant size

Lower risk of breast and ovarian cancer & rehumatoid arthritis

41
Q

Benefit of breastfeeding in Psychological level for mothers

A

Increased self-confidence

Facilitated bonding with infants

42
Q

5 Sectors of Breastfeeding Advantages for Infants

A 
Nutritional
Immunological
Health status
Growth & deveopment
Economic Cost
43
Q

Benefits in immunological sector for infants are

A

Creating T and B-Lymphocytes
Secretory immunoglobins (sigA, sigG, sigM, sigE, sigD)
Histocompatibility antigens
T-cell product
Many nonspecific factors (complement, Bifidus factor)
Carrier Proteins ( lactoferrin, transferring, it B12-binding protein and Corticoid-binding protein)
Enzymes (Lysozyme, lipoprotein lipase, leukocyte enzymes)

44
Q

Benefits in Nutritional sector for infants are

A 
Give appropriate growth and development
Meet nutritional requirement
Does not cause overloading kidneys
Have essential fatty acids
Meet minimal mineral demand
45
Q

Benefits of Breast feeding in Health sector for infants are

A

Lower infant mortality
Reduce morbidity and mortality due to poor sanitation and water supplies
EBF up to 4 months reduces gastrointestinal illness
Lower the respiratory infection up to 72%
Protect against chronic childhood diseases ( celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, leukemia, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and eczema)

46
Q

Challenges of Breastfeeding

A 
Sore nipples & flat or inverted nipples
Hyperactive Letdown
Hyperlactation
Engorgement
Plugged duct
Mastitis
Low supply of milk
47
Q

How to prevent sore nipples & flat or inverted nipples

A

Proper positioning of the baby on the breast

48
Q

Withdraw of Hyperlactation Breastfeeding to the infant

A

The infant may choke, cough, or gulp

49
Q

Factors that cause Low Breast Milk supply

A

Real or perceived insufficient milk supply
Seldomly breastfeeding or pumping
Inefficient emptying of the breast
High stress levels

50
Q

6 Program for Breastfeeding promotion

A

Prenatal breastfeeding education and support
Breastfeeding support for individuals
Role of Health care in supporting breastfeeding
Lactation support in hospitals and birthing centers
The workplace
Public health support of breastfeeding

51
Q

The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative Program

A 
Written breastfeeding policy
Train all health care staff
Inform the benefits and management
Help mothers to initiate breastfeeding half one hour birth
Show mothers how to breastfeed and show  how to maintain lactation
Give infants only breast milk
Practice rooming in with infants
Encourage breastfeeding on demand
Give no artificial pacifiers or nipples
Establish breastfeeding support groups
52
Q

How public health support of breastfeeding

A

Legislate to protect a woman’s right to breastfeed

Legislate Woman’s rights in public and on federal property, express milk at work, and exempt from jury duty.

Nutritional in Life Span (7 decks)

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