7- Infants Nutrition

Question 1

mention the indicator of growth and development

Answer 1

gestational age, birthweight, length, head circumference

Question 2

Appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants have birth measurements that plot between…..

Answer 2

10th and 89th precentile

Question 3

There is an indicator to measure the perinatal morbidity and mortality, which is….

Answer 3

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Question 4

Mention 5 leading cause of infants mortality

Answer 4

1. Birth defects
2. Preterm birth and low birth weight
3. Maternal pregnancy complications
4. Sudden infant death syndrome
5. Injuries (e.g., suffocation

Question 5

Mention 7 indicator can be used to determine nutritional status

Answer 5

1. Weight-for-age
2. Length-for-age
3. Height-for-age
4. Weight-for-length
5. Body mass index-for-age
6. Head circumference
7. Mid-Upper Arm Circumference

Question 6

One way to measure newborn and infants growth is by measure physical growth. What exactly to be measured?

Answer 6

the increase in the mass of body tissues that occurs in genetically determined rates, patterns, and ages as a
healthy infant grows into adulthood.

Question 7

One way to measure newborn and infants growth is by measure motor development. What exactly to be measured?

Answer 7

1. Reflects an infant’s ability to control voluntary muscle movement. EX
   ✓ Progresses from top down (head to leg)
   ✓ Progresses centrally to peripherally (shoulder and arm muscles before muscles in the hands)
2. Influences the ability of the infant to feed.
   ✓ Example: When an infant has achieved head and trunk control, sitting balance, and fading of certain reflexes such as tongue thrust, oral feeding can be initiated
3. Influences the amount of energy expended in the activity.
   ✓ As motor skills continue to progress, daily energy needs increase because of higher energy expenditure.
   (Example: infants who are crawling or starting to walk will expend more energy in physical activity than younger infants who are not yet rolling over)

Question 8

Cognitive development is an indicator used to determine the normal growth and development. Several risk factor for poor cognitive, motor and socio emotional, include:

Answer 8

✓ Severe, acute malnutrition (very low weight for length)
✓ Chronic undernutrition (intrauterine growth retardation
and linear growth retardation or stunting)
✓ Iron deficiency anemia
✓ Iodine deficiency

Question 9

Energy needs for infants 6-11 month is….

Answer 9

800 kcal

Question 10

Energy needs for infants 1-3 month is….

Answer 10

1350 kcal

Question 11

Explain the protein needed for

• birth to 6 months
• 7 to 12 monts

Answer 11

• birth to 6 months: 1.52 g/kg BW

- 7 to 12 months: 1.2 g/kg BW

Question 12

Explain the fat needed for

• birth to 6 months
• 7 to 12 monts

Answer 12

• birth to 6 months: 31g

- 7 to 12 months: 30g

Question 13

Mention 4 other nutrients needed by infants!

Answer 13

fluoride, vitamin D, sodium, iron

Question 14

Mention the infants and young child feeding guidelines!

Answer 14

1. Early initiation of breastfeeding
2. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months
3. Nutritionally adequate and safe complementary feeding starting from the age of 6 months
4. Continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or 4 beyond.

Question 15

Mention 5 common nutritional issues and concern

Answer 15

colic, iron deficiency, diarrhea and constipation, early childhood carries and food allergies

Question 16

mention the symptoms of colic!

Answer 16

✓ Sudden onset of irritability, fussiness, or crying.
(occur from early infancy up to 4 or 5 months of age and can have a pattern of onset and duration)
✓ Mostly occurs in a healthy young infant between 2 weeks and 3
months of age

Question 17

iron deficiency is associated with

Answer 17

✓ Poor cognitive, motor and socio-emotional development in infancy
✓ Poor cognition and school achievement in later childhood

Question 18

recommended iron supplementation for severe and mild to moderate anemia is

Answer 18

severe: 4 to 6 mg/kg/d divided into three
doses
mild to moderate:3 mg/kg/d divided into one to two doses

Question 19

the source of diarrhea in infants is

Answer 19

viral and bacterial infections, food intolerance, or changes in
fluid intake

Question 20

first line treatment to treat infants diarrhea are

Answer 20

✓ To continue breastfeeding or feeds of regular strength formula
✓ To resume an age-appropriate diet
✓ Foods high in simple sugar content are not recommended
✓ A moderate intake of fat will be beneficial

Question 21

for infants constipation, treatment recommended are

Answer 21

✓ Focus on normal fluid and fiber intake
✓ Dont consume food with high dietary fiber content
✓ The routine use of prebiotics and probiotics in the treatment of
childhood constipation is not recommend

Question 22

complementary feeding become important to be given to infants because……

Answer 22

infant’s need for energy and nutrients starts to exceed what is provided by breast milk

Question 23

Describe the food the baby can eat at:

• 6-8 months of age
• 8-10 months of age
• 9-12 months of age

Answer 23

• 6-8 months of age : foods with a soft, lumpy texture to elicit munching and jaw movement
• 8-10 months of age : able to chew and swallow soft mashed foods without choking
• 9-12 months of age: many foods eaten by other family members are
  appropriate for infants. however, the addition of salt and sugar to baby food is
  not recommended.

Question 24

The most common allergies reaction in infants is..

Answer 24

Respiratory and skin

symptoms, such as wheezing or skin rashes.