Neonatal, Developmental, and Vascular Pulmonary Disease--Handorf Flashcards
What is the secondary function of the lung?
protect us from airborne toxins… via
- upper airway filter (nose)
- Tracheobronchial mucociliary apparatus
- Intraalveolar immune/phagocytic system
Which bronchus is more vertical? What is the significance of this?
right is more vertical = right lung is more likely to get aspiration pneumonia (shit can get in there easier)
What are pores of Kohn? What is the significance of them?
holes in the alveoli that connect adjacent alveoli = they function as a means of collateral ventilation
*that is, if the lung is partially deflated, ventilation can occur to some extent through these pores
**also fluid and microbes can spread through these holes = more lung affected
Where are cancer mets most likely to form in the lung first? Why?
hematogenous spread = at the base bc the perfusion is better there
Where in the lung is TB likely to appear? Why?
upper lobed = more air there which they need for growth
If part of the lung is infarcted (PE), will it be a red or white infarct? Why?
red bc the lung has a dual blood supply
Why does a diaphragmatic hernia often lead to pulmonary agenesis or hypoplasia?
The hernia allows for abdominal contents to move into the thoracic cavity during development –> there is less space in the thoracic cavity –> lungs cannot develop to the correct size bc they do not have enough room
What conditions can lead to pulmonary agenesis or hypoplasia?
- diaphragmatic hernia
- renal cysts
- atresia (condition in which a body orifice or passage in the body is abnormally closed or absent)
- right heart abnormalities
- pulmonary sequestration
- musculoskeletal disorders ??? not talked about in robbins?
What are the tracheobroncial abnormalities? (none of which are in any of our textbooks so I’m not going to explain them)
common laryngotracheoesophageal tract
tracheoesophageal fistula
tracheal atresia
tracheobronchomalacia
What are common problems/symptoms seen with tracheobronchial anomalies?
recurrent atelectasis of the right upper lobe (RUL) recurrent pneumonia congenital stridor (fancy term for noisy breathing due to partial airway obstruction)
**ripped form NCBI article
What is the most common type of tracheoesophageal fistula?
one in which the trachea communicates with the distal segment of an atretic esophagus
(87%)
What problems/symptoms/signs will you see with a tracheoesophageal fistula
coughing with feeding spells of cyanosis GI tract distended with air pneumonia/RUL opacity on CXR aspiration fever, tachycardia, respiratory distress
What is congenital lobar overinflation?
Pathophys?
What lung or parts of the lung does it typically affect?
Symptoms?
emphysema in infancy = air cannot leave the lungs
due to cartilage deficiency in distal bronchial tree –> airway obstruction
50% ULL and 25% RML
SOB, wheezing, cyanotic lips and nail beds
Congenital (bronchogenic) Cyst:
Epidemialogy?
Pathology?
How is it diagnosed?
- -age 14-30
- -fragment of foregut filled with mucous (bronchial epithelium without attachment to tracheobroncial tree) that can be found anywhere in lungs, mediastinum, pericardium, or diaphragm
- -routine CXR, infection occurs, or when it ruptures
What is pulmonary sequestration?
What is it assc with?
an “accessory lung” is formed when lung tissue forms within (intralobar) or outside (extralobar) normal lung tissue but there is no airway connect to the tracheobronchial tree. it also usually has an independent arterial supply directly from the aorta or the pulmonary artery
assc with reccurnet local infection, and extralobar causes a mass lesion to form
