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21 fall: histology > Test 2: Endocrine Lecture > Flashcards

Test 2: Endocrine Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system definition

A

Ductless glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, development, tissue function, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc.

Regulates homeostasis in collaboration with the nervous system

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2
Q

key features of endocrine system

A

–cells often arranged in clusters or cords

–release hormones into intercellular or perivascular connective tissue spaces

–associated with dense capillary beds and wide thin-walled vessels called sinusoids

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3
Q

endocrine system is associated with dense capillary beds and wide thin-walled vessels called ___

A

sinusoids- very leaky, large pores

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4
Q

single cells that have endocrine functions

A

neural crest cell

Stomach: G cells: gastrin

Small intestine: I cells: cholecystokinin and S cells: secretin

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5
Q

endocrine cell groups/clusters

A

Endocrine cell groups/clusters in “non-endocrine” organs

•hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons

-various, regulate pituitary function

•pancreatic islets

-insulin, glucagon, others

•atrial cardiac myocytes

-atrial natriuretic factor

•theca interna of ovarian follicles

-androgens, progesterone

•interstitial cells of testes (aka Leydig cells)

-testosterone

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6
Q

hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons

A

endocrine cell group

that regulates pituitary function

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7
Q

pancreatic islet cells make what?

A

insulin, glucagon and others

type of endocrine cell group/cluster

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8
Q

atrial cardiac myocytes produce what

A

atrial natriuretic factor

type of endocrine cell group/cluster found in a non endocrine organ

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9
Q

theca interna of ovarian follicle produce what

A

androgens, progesterone

type of endocrine cell groups/clusters in “non-endocrine” organs

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10
Q

Leydig cells produce what

A

testosterone in the testes

type of endocrine cell groups/clusters in “non-endocrine” organs

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11
Q

types of endocrine organs

A

Hypophysis (pituitary)

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Adrenal glands

Pineal gland (not covered)

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12
Q

what is a common feature of endocrine organs

A

all have dense capillary beds and wide thin-walled vessels called sinusoids

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13
Q

another name for pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

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14
Q

two parts of pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis –anterior pituitary–glandular portion

Neurohypophysis –posterior pituitary- where secretion of things made in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

There is an intimate neural and vascular relationship between the hypothalamus and ___

A

hypophysis/ pituitary gland

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16
Q

Pituitary functions are tightly controlled by the ___

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

__ is the anterior glandular portion of the hypophysis

A

Adenohypophysis

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18
Q

___ is the posterior part of the hypophysis where hormones made by the hypothalamus are secreted

A

Neurohypophysis

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19
Q

development of the hypophysis

A
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20
Q

___ is a funnel like structure that is residual from the formation of the pituitary gland and is found in the ___

A

infundibular recess

neurohypophysis (posterior part)

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21
Q

___ is a small residual lumen in the ___ part of the pituitary that acts as a landmark

A

residual lumen of rathke’s pouch

adenohypophysis (anterior part)

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22
Q

Three parts of the Adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis

pars intermedia (cells that secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone)

pars tuberalis (collar of the stock- portal venules go through here)

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23
Q

Three parts of the neurohypopysis

A

pars nervosa (infundibular process)

infundibular stalk

median eminence (where primary capillary reside)

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24
Q

Pars distalis

A

anterior lobe, major part of the adenohypophysis

dense fibrous capsule of collagenous tissue w/ stromal fibers

–parenchyma organized as cords and clusters of cells- polarized make hormones go in one direction

–closely associated with a dense network of sinusoidal capillaries

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25
Q

Cells of the pars distalis

A

Chromophobes- do not stain well

Chromophils- stain well and can be Acidophils or Basophils

Cells are classified by their staining properties but can also be immunochemically distinguished based on the hormones they produce.

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26
Q

Chromophobes

A

50% cells of pars distalis which is part of the adenohypophysis

–small round cells w/ very little cytoplasm and no detectable granules (do not stain well) (by light microscopy)

–usually present in clusters and may form the centers of cell cords

–may be degranulated chromophils or chromophil precursors

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27
Q

Chromophils

A

type of cell in the pars distalis which is part of the pituitary/adenohypophysis

−contain secretory granules

larger then chromophobes

−arranged in cords or clusters of cells

−polarize toward sinusoidal capillaries (apical secretion)

basophilic 10% (purple) or acidophilic 40%(orange)

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28
Q

types of acidophils

A

–Acidophils (~40%)

Somatotropes

Lactotropes (mammotropes)

Chromophils type of cell of the pars distalis which is part of the adenohypophysis

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29
Q

types of hormone basophils

A

Basophils (~10%)

Thyrotropes, Gonadotropes, Corticotropes

Chromophils type of cell of the pars distalis which is part of the adenohypophysis

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30
Q

somatotropes produce ___ and lactotropes produce __. These are __ types of cells

A

somatotropin (STH)= growth hormones (GH)

prolactin

Acidophil Chromophils cell of the pars distalis

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31
Q

Thyrotropes produce ___ , gonadotropes produce ___ and corticotropes produce ___. These are ___ types of cells from the ___

A

Thyrotropin- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

gonadotropin= follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) or interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

corticotropin- adrenocorticotropin ACTH

Basophils Chromophils cell of the pars distalis

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32
Q

Acidophils of the Pars Distalis are ___ than chromophobes. Contain granular ___cytoplasm and are often___.

A

larger

acidophilic

polarized

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33
Q

Somatotropes produce

A

–somatotropin (STH; aka growth hormone, GH)

type of acidophil chromophils of the pars distalis

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34
Q

Lactotropes (mammotropes) produce ___

A

prolactin (PRL)

type of acidophil chromophils of the pars distalis

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35
Q

Basophils of the Pars Distalis have granular ___ cytoplasm. Contain numerous ___ granules and are often ___

A

basophilic

PAS-positive

polarized

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36
Q

Thyrotropes produced ___

A

Thyrotropin (TSH)

type of basophil chromophils of the pars distalis

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37
Q

Gonadotropes produce ___

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

luteinizing hormone (LH); also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

type of basophil chromophils of the pars distalis

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38
Q

corticotropes produce ___

A

adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

most common basophil

type of basophil chromophils of the pars distalis

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39
Q

POMC (proopiomelanocortin) is a precursor for ___

A

adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

b-lipotropic hormone (b-LPH)

b-endorphin

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40
Q

Melanotropes reside in the ___

A

pars intermedia

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41
Q
A

pars distalis

Note:

cell clusters and cords

sinusoids- big gaps orange dots inside are red blood cells

chromophobes

acidophils (orange)- cluster/group together

basophils (purple)

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42
Q
A

pars distalis of the adenohypophysis of the hypophyseal

orange cells= acidophils= chromophils

purple= basophils= chromophils

clear/ no stain uptake= chromophobes

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43
Q
A

pars distalis of the adenohypophysis of the hypophyseal

very pink= acidophils= chromophils

purple/pink= basophils= chromophils

clear/ no stain uptake= chromophobes

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44
Q

Pars Tuberalis

A

Part of the adenohypophysis

Sleeve around the neural stalk/median eminence

Transversed by numerous portal venules that receive tributaries from the capillary plexus of the median eminence

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45
Q
A

outer→ pars tuberalis (little wholes- pituitary portal system)

inner grey → infundibular stalk

center whole→ infundibular recess

slice of the hypophyseal at the level of the pituitary stalk

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46
Q

Cells of the pars tuberalis

A

Weakly basophilic cuboidal cells

–organized as cords

–some clusters or follicles (function not established)

Some gonadotropes, thyrotropes (basophils)

Subject to seasonal variations

–High density of melatonin receptors

–May play a role in establishing seasonal reproductive cycles

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47
Q

Pars intermedia

A

Part of the adenohypophysis adjacent to the neural lobe

–separated by a thin sheet of connective tissue and the residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch

Well developed in domestic animals
(not prominent in humans)

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48
Q

Cell of the pars intermedia

A

Melanotropes

–basophil

–present in cords, clusters

–some follicles w/ colloid (variable w/ species)

–secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH; aka melanotropin)→ Stimulates melanocyte melanin production & release

Others cells variable w/ species–include those abundant in pars distalis (i.e. corticotropes)

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49
Q
A

little balls- follicles

found in cat pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis of pituitary gland

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50
Q

Hypothalamic control of the pars distalis

A

Neuro-endocrine cells of the basal hypothalamus produce “releasing factors” or inhibitory hormones

Transported axonally to the external zone of median eminence

Released into hypophysial portal system

Transported to cells of pars distalis

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51
Q

HPA axis

A

(hypothalamyl-pituitary-adrenal)

Hormone production stimulated by:

–neural mechanisms

–physical/psychological stress (starvation, etc)

–diurnal fluctuations

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52
Q

HPT axis

A

hypothalamyl-pituitary-thyroid

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53
Q

Regulation of MSH production in the pars intermedia

A

–Melanotropes are modulated by hypothalamic axons that penetrate the pars intermedia

–MIH (also known as Melanostatin), produced by hypothalamus, is associated with neurons that reach into the pars intermedia

–melanotropes are not regulated via the hypophysial portal system

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54
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Derivative of the ventral hypothalamus

(divided into the pars nervosa, infundibular stalk and median eminence)

made of neurosecretory neurons and pituicytes

Connected morphologically & functionally to hypothalamus

unmyelinated neural fibers with cell bodies in the hypothalamus

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55
Q

neurohypophysis

neurosecretory neurons

A

–originate in supraoptic and para-ventricular regions of the hypothalamus

–unmyelinated nerve fibers connect the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa (aka Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract )

–transport neurosecretory products along axons

–product accumulates near axon terminals (called Herring bodies)

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56
Q

___ originate in supraoptic and para-ventricular regions of the hypothalamus

A

neurosecretory neurons

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57
Q

neurosectetory neurons are unmyelinated nerve fibers connect the hypothalamus to the ___ (aka Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract )

A

pars nervosa

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58
Q

neurosecretory neurons

product accumulates near axon terminals (called ___)

A

Herring bodies

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59
Q

Pituicytes (neuroglial cells)

A

part of neurohypophysis (pituitary gland)

–modified astrocytes

–function not well understood

»may regulate hormone secretion

»assist w/ axon growth and regrowth

»remove damaged axons

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60
Q

uNeurosecretory neurons of hypothalamus produce___

A

oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone (ADH= vasopressin)

neurophysins (Carrier proteins)

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61
Q

Neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus have axon terminals abut perivascular spaces of ___ in pars nervosa

A

sinusoid capillaries

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62
Q
A

pituitary gland

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63
Q

herring bodies

A

hormones stored terminals pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis of the hypophysis (pituitary gland)

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64
Q
A

herring bodies: hormones stored terminals pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis of the hypophysis (pituitary gland)

pituicyte nuclei

65
Q

TSH is made by ___ and does

A
66
Q

ACTH is made by ___ and does ___

A
67
Q

FSH is made by ___ and does __-

A
68
Q

LH is made by ___ and does ___

A
69
Q

GH is made by ___ and does ___

A
70
Q

Prolactin is made by ___ and does ___

A
71
Q

MSH in made by ___ and does ___

A

`

72
Q

Oxytocin is made by ___ and does ___

A
73
Q

ADH is made by ___ and does ___

A
74
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone T3,T4

calcitonin

parafollicular cells (C Cells)

follicular cells filled by colloid

follicle help increase iodine concentration which is an important precursor to thyroid hormones

75
Q

Follicles of thyroid gland are filled with ___ also called ___

A

colloid

thyroglobulin

76
Q
A
77
Q

Thyroid follicular cells

A

principal cells

acidophilic

polar cell morphology

make Thyroglobulin and Thyroperoxidase

78
Q

Follicular cells produce colloid which is made of ___ and ___

A

thyroglobulin

Thyroperoxidase

79
Q

Thyroglobulin is made of ___ and is made by the ___and secreted via secretory vesicles into ___

A

glycoprotein

ER/Golgi complex

follicle lumen

80
Q

Thyroperoxidase is synthesized and secreted into the ___

A

follicle lumen

81
Q

thyroperoxidase Iodinates thyroglobulin on ___

A

tyrosines

82
Q

Iodine deficiency can cause a ___ to form.

A

goitre

83
Q

explain how follicular cells secrete T4 and T3

A

–thyroglobulin is taken up from follicular lumen resulting in colloid droplets

–droplets merge with lysosomes (phagolysosomes)

–thyroglobulin is broken down into thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

–T3 and T4 diffuse out cellular base

84
Q

___ is a pro-hormone; converted to T3 by target cells

A

Thyroxine (T4)

85
Q

___ accelerates metabolic rate of body

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

86
Q

three things Triiodothyronine (T3) can do

A

–accelerates metabolic rate of body

–Increase cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, development

–increases protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism

87
Q

hypothyroidism leads to weight loss true or false?

A

false, they gain weight due to lack of thyroid hormones

88
Q

TRH from hypothalamus stimulates ___ to release TSH

A

adenohypophysis

89
Q

TSH stimulates ___, ___ and ___ of thyroid follicular cells

A

–synthesis, iodination and follicular storage of thyroglobulin

90
Q

TSH stimulated the follicular storage of ___ by follicular cells

A

thyroglobulin

91
Q

TSH stimulates thyroid follicular cells to release thyroid hormones (___ and __ ) into general circulation

A

T3 and T4

92
Q

parafollicular cells are derived from ___

A

neural crest cells

93
Q

where can parafollicular cells be found

A

in the thyroid

in small clusters within the basal lamina of follicles

or

outside of the follicle (dogs)

94
Q

parafollicular cells

A

found in thyroid→ C cells

pale staining cytoplasm

clusters or single cells

Little ER, abundant Golgi, many small secretory granules, mitochondria

Secrete calcitonin

95
Q

parafollicular cells secrete ___

A

calcitonin, seratonin and somatostatin

96
Q
A
97
Q
A
98
Q
A

8 parafollicular cells

5: follicular cells in transcut

99
Q

Calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells of the Thyroid

–Lowers blood calcium levels

–Reduces number and activity of osteoclasts in bones

–production is not controlled by pituitary functions

–Stimulated by high blood Ca++ levels

100
Q

Parathyroid is found ___

A

in the thyroid, usually 4 in mammals

101
Q

___ is separated from thyroid by thin capsule of dense irregular connective tissue

A

parathyroid

102
Q

Parathyroid have cells that are arranged in cords or clusters, with many blood vessels and ___colloid filled follicles.

A

rare

103
Q

Parathyroid produces __ when __ is low

A

PTH

calcium

104
Q

Parathyroid produces parathormone (PTH) which regulates blood ion levels- especially ___

A

calcium

105
Q

What will happen is parathyroid is damaged?

A

If removed/ablated, all muscles will undergo rigid spasms as blood calcium level falls

106
Q
A
107
Q
A

parathyroid

thyroid

108
Q

two types of parathyroid cells

A

chief cells (principal cells)

  • produce parathyroid hormone (PTH parathormone)

not regulated by hypophysis (pituitary glands)

oxyphil cells (unknown function)

109
Q

Chief cells produce ___ and are not regulated by the ___

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone)

hypophysis

110
Q

PTH production is regulated by __ levels

A

blood calcium

111
Q

___ is the antagonist to thyroid calcitonin

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH increases blood calcium

calcitonin decreases blood calcium

112
Q

explain how calcium levels effect PTH

A

increases calcium levels

–triggers increased Vit D3 production in kidney (necessary for Ca++ absorption in gut)

–stimulates Ca++ absorption by distil convoluted tubules

–raises Ca++ levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and proliferation (indirectly via osteoblasts)

113
Q

deficiencies in PTH lead to

A

Decreased blood calcium

–Fibrillary twitching in muscles

–Spasms of limb muscles

–Rigid spasms

–Death

114
Q

Parathyroid Oxyphil Cells

A

Unknown function

Large (27 um), single or in clusters

Abundant in horses and ruminants

Rare in other domestic mammals

Very rich in mitochondria

Scarce in Golgi, rER, granules (inactive secretion)

115
Q
A

Parathyroid Oxyphil Cells

116
Q
A
117
Q
A

adrenal gland

118
Q

3 parts of adrenal gland

A

capsule

cortex

zona glomerulosa

zone fasciculata

cona reticularis

medulla

119
Q

adrenal gland is surrounded by a ___ made of ___, ___ and ___

A

capsule

–dense irregular connective tissue

–occasional smooth muscle fibers

–clusters of undiffentiated cells»precusers to zona glomerulosa

120
Q

The cortex of the adrenal gland has a __ origin

A

mesodermal

121
Q

The medulla of the adrenal gland has a ___ origin

A

neuroectodermal

122
Q
A
123
Q
A
124
Q

the zona glomerulosa produces ___ and is found in the ___

A

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

cortex of the adrenal gland

125
Q

The zona fasciculata produces __ and is found in the __

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone)

cortex of the adrenal gland

126
Q

The zona reticularis makes ___ and is found in the ___

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) Sex hormones (DHEA)

cortex of the adrenal glands

127
Q

The medulla of the adrenal gland makes ___

A

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

128
Q
A
129
Q
A
130
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

layer directly under capsule of adrenal gland

Cell chords:
– irregular spherical clusters -Glomeruli (most domestic animals, ruminants)

– arcs or loops of tall columnar -Zona arcuata (horses, some carnivores, pigs)

– surrounded by sinusoidal capillaries

Cell features:
– Abundant sER, mitochondria, Golgi, lipid droplets
– Secrete mineralocorticoids

131
Q

Zona fasciculat

A

2nd zone (in between zona glomerulosa and zone reticularis)

Radially arranged cords of cuboidal or
columnar cells separated by sinusoidal
capillary network

Cells of zona fasciculata
–contain numerous lipid droplets, which are
not well preserved in standard tissue preps

– Spongy appearance (spongiocytes)

– Produce glucocorticoids (GCs)

132
Q
A

produces glucocorticoids

133
Q

zona reticularis

A

deepest part of cortex of adrenal gland

Irregular network of cell cords

Polyhedral cells
fewer lipid droplets than cells of zona fasciculata produce glucocorticoids, and sex hormones

134
Q

aldosterone

A

a mineralocorticoid
– Produced in zona glomerulosa (top layer of adrenal gland cortex)
» NOT regulated by hypophysis

– Increases sodium reabsorption from glomerular filtrate in kidney

– Increases potassium excretion

– Increases fluid volume

– Restores electrolyte balance

– Raises blood pressure

135
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

cortisol, cortisone

Produced in zona fasciculata and zona reticularis (middle and bottom layer of cortex of adrenal gland)

– Regulate blood sugar levels
– Regulate protein, fat, carbohydrate metabolism
– Suppress inflammatory response
– Regulated by ACTH from adenohypophysis (HPA axis)

136
Q

aldosterone increases ___ reabsorption from glomerular filtrate in the kindey

A

sodium

137
Q

aldosterone ___ potassium excretion, increases ___ volume, restores ___ balance and ___ blood pressure

A

increases

fluid

electrolyte

raises

138
Q

Glucocorticoids regulate blood sugar levels, regulate protein, ___ and ___ metabolism

A

fat, carbohydrate

139
Q

glucocorticoids ___ inflammatory response

A

suppress

140
Q

glucocorticoids are regulated by ___ from the ___

A

ACTH from adenohypophysis (HPA axis)

141
Q

sex hormones such as ___ are made in the ___

A

dihydroepiandrosterone-DHEA
zona reticularis

142
Q

cortisol = ___ hormone

A

pleiotropic

143
Q

what are some things cortisol does

A
144
Q

hyperadrenocortism

A

cushings

hair growth issues

145
Q

HPA axis

A
146
Q

adrenal medualla cells are called ___

A

chromaffin cells

147
Q

adrenal medulla cells are

A

Modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons
– Basophilic polyhedral cells arranged as irregular cords and clusters

– Regulated by preganglionic sympathetic innervation (not by hypophysis/pituitary)

Separated by dense sinusoidal capillaries

  • *make Catecholamines (epinephrine,**
  • *norepinephrine) (fight or flight)**
148
Q

fight or flight is stimulated by

A

adrenal medulla function

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

149
Q

Catecholamines production is regulated by ___ via sympathetic nervous system in response to ___

A

(epinephrine, norepinephrine)

hypothalamus

fear or acute stress

150
Q

epinephrine, norepinephrine which are ___ produced by the ___ will ___ heart rate and cardiac output and blood flow and will also ___ blood glucose from the liver

A

catecholamines

adrenal medulla

increase

induce a surge of

151
Q

overview of thyroid

A

Follicle cells: T3, T4 → increase metabolism

Parafollicular cells: Calcitonin → decrease blood Ca++

152
Q

overview of parathyroid

A

Chief cells: Parathormone → increase blood Ca++

Oxyphil cells: unknown function

153
Q

overview of adrenal cortex

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) →electrolyte balance. made in zone glomerulosa

Glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone)→ blood sugar levels during stress, etc, made in zone fasciculate and zona retucularis

Sex hormones (DHEA) (probably insignificant), made in zone reticularis

154
Q

adrenal medulla overview

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) → “fight or flight” response

155
Q

basophils in pituitary gland effect what?

A
156
Q

acidophils in pituitary gland effect what?

A
157
Q

MSH produced in the pituitary gland effect what?

A
158
Q

Hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone release

A
159
Q
A

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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