Week Twelve

Question 1

mood

Answer 1

diffuse, longlasting emotional states.

Question 2

emotion

Answer 2

immediate responses to specific object or situation.

Question 3

the neural basis of love

Answer 3

• Bartels & Zeki have performed a number of fMRI studies looking at “the neural basis of love”. -
  
  • Romantic and maternal love activate a set of overlapping brain structures including cingulate cortex, insula, hippocampus and basal ganglia.
    There are deactivations of areas including TPJ (thought to be involved in “mind reading”).

Question 4

neurotransmitters

Answer 4

• At synapses, neurons often secrete chemical signals called neurotransmitters that diffuse a short distance to bind to receptors on the target cell.
  
  • Neurotransmitters play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement

Question 5

neurohormones

Answer 5

Neurohormones are a class of hormones that originate from neurons in the brain and diffuse through the bloodstream

Question 6

The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating physiology

Answer 6

• Signals from the nervous system initiate and regulate endocrine signals

Question 7

the hypothalamus and emotion

Answer 7

• The hypothalamus receives information from the nervous system and initiates responses through the endocrine system

Question 8

pituitary gland and emotion

Answer 8

• Attached to the hypothalamus is the pituitary gland composed of the posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary

Question 9

posterior pituitary and emotion

Answer 9

• The posterior pituitary stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

Question 10

anterior pituitary and emotion

Answer 10

• The anterior pituitary makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus.

Question 11

oxytocin

Answer 11

milk production, male ejaculation, etc.

Question 12

insel & Young

Answer 12

Performed experiments on two breeds of voles
- Prairie vole (monogamous, pair bond after mating).
- Montane vole (promiscuous).
A. Prairie voles: greater expression of OT receptors in nucleus acumbens and prelimbic cortex
B. Differential behaviour patterns of female voles following mating
C. Blocking of partner preference in female prairie voles by OT antagonist infusions

Question 13

Bertels & Zeki

Answer 13

Activation during both romantic and maternal love includes a set of structures that are rich in oxytocin receptor sites. Caudate, globus pallidus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, putamen, substantia nigra etc etc
Many of these sites are also implicated in cocaine induced euphoria (eg. Mandeville et al, 2011).

Question 14

dimensions of emotion

Answer 14

- Arousal 
		○ High arousal = excited, tense.
		○ Low= calm, lethargic 
	- Valence 
		○ Positive= elated, contented 
		○ Negative= sad, gloomy. 
	-

Question 15

theories of emotion

Answer 15

• James-lange
  
  • Cannon-bard
    two-factor

Question 16

saussignan’s experiement

Answer 16

Asked participants to hold a pencil in their mouth either using their teeth, in a smile, or by holding it between their lips, preventing them from smiling.
Found that alteration of facial expressions can lead to changes in the subjective experience of emotions.

Question 17

cannon-bard

Answer 17

Visceral changes occur too slowly to precede emotional experience.
thus, emotion happens first and the body responds to this emotion.

Question 18

evolutionary perspective on emotion

Answer 18

Charles Darwin.

- Emotions are functional (fight or flight) and confer survival advantage. 
- Facial signals are universal. 
- Facial signals of emotion are not arbitrary. 
- Emotions are categorical: i.e. they have evolved in response to distinct evolutionary pressures and fulfill different functions.

Question 19

ekman

Answer 19

Claimed that facial expressions are universal and the 7 basic expressions consist of happiness, surprise, contempt, sadness, fear, disgust, anger.
In general westerners are better at recognizing emotion.

Question 20

susskind et al.

Answer 20

• Believed that emotions are non-arbitrary.
  
  • Fear and disgust may perform opposite functions in terms of promoting versus inhibiting sensory input.
  • Fear configuration allows greater visual field coverage and is associated with faster eye-movements than neural and disgust is lower than baseline.
    Fearful configuration allows faster/greater air intake than baseline and disgust is lower than the baseline.

Question 21

fear and the amygdala

Answer 21

• Adolphs found that amygdala lesions selectively impaired fear recognition.
  
  • Calder, Lawrence & Young conducted imaging studies looking at fear conditioning and viewing facial expressions of fear both activate the amygdala.
  • It is suggested that the amygdala is involved in both the experience and recognition of fear.

Lesions in monkeys found that when the amygdala was damaged they showed less fear.

Question 22

blind sighted patients and fear

Answer 22

• In blind sighted patients, threat related faces evoke peripheral indices of fear/threat related response even when the patient has not consciously perceived the facial expression.
  
  • Therefore suggested that there is a fast subcortical processing stream that is specific for the detection of threat related materials.

Question 23

insula

Answer 23

• The bilateral insulae is activated by disgusted faces.
  
  • Calder, Lawrence and Young and suggested that the special role of the insula is the recognition of disgust.
  • Overlapping region of the anterior insula is activated whole smelling disgusting odorant and whilst viewing the facially signalled disgust of others whilst smelling odorants.

Question 24

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 24

evidence supports James-Lange theory.

Question 25

Creaky Bridge experiment

Answer 25

• evidence for the two-factor theory.
  Dutton & Aron.
  Woman would stop passing men on the creaky bridge to ask them questions.
  Same woman did the same thing but on a safe bridge.
  There is more arousal on the creaky bridge and the men interpret this to be arousal to her rather than the envoronment. Thus, she recieved more calls from the men on the creaky bridge.

Question 26

olympic athlete facial expressions

Answer 26

found that blind athletes still performed normal facial expressions. Revealled that expressions are things that are innate rather than learned.
(Matsumoto & Willingham, 2009).