KEY STUDIES Flashcards
TRIPLETT (1898)
(rather than cycling) Fishing reels turned a silk band around a drum which was connected to a pulley by a chord - a flag had to travel around the pulley 4 times.
children were in pairs or alone
findings- some faster, some slower, some the same
explanations-competitive instincts and ideas of faster movement/ slower people choked under pressure.
DIANNE TICE (1992)
undergrads asked to act as stimulus persons for postgrad clinic psychology trainees. Task to answer verbal questions in a way that would reflect an aspect of their personality.
they were intruscted to present themselves as less emotionally responsive or more emotionally responsive.
Then they rated their ‘true’ level of emotion/25 a low score being less emotionally responsive.
When beleived their earlier behaviour was public their self conception moved in direction of their action e.g. closer to a score of one for those who were less emotionally responsive, or closer to 25 for those who had been more emotionally responsive.
TORY HIGGINS (BOND, KLEIN, STRAUMAN)
Made people think about their future based on personal goals and also others obligations
Priming the idea self can lead to dejection(depression, low self esteem) where as priming the ought self can lead to agitation(anxiety and stress).
People with high actual ideal and actual ought self-discrepancy experienced a increase in dejection but not agitation after primed to focus on their ideal self AND an increase in agitation but not dejection after being primed to focus on ought self.
Asch - warm versus cold
then kelley
Found warm vs cold most important factor to how people see others.
Kelley- introduced himself as one of warm or cold followed by other adjectives. the ones who heard cold described him as self centres, unsociable, irritable.
Influencing factors to Kelley-
personal constructs
primary effects- ones said first more effect
negativity- biased towards negative info
physical attractiveness- attractive people are seen as more able.
Van gynn et al-
4 conditions- power training and imagery or neither- found performance improved with training. It also improved with imagery as imagery improves self conception which improves performance- just imagining improves ur self identity which improves performance.
Harre et al
When drivers rated their driving behaviour with peers. most showed self enhancement bias. (describe oneself more positively)
Medvec
Found happiest was gold then bronze then silver- silver look up saying we could have got the gold. But bronze do downwards comparison saying look how many i did better than. Silver upwards comparison (more likely to get depression) look at what i could have done etc..
shrauger and schoeneman
reviewed 62 studies- people did not tend to see themselves as others saw them (meta perspective) instead saw them how they think others see them and this is the most prevelent to their own identity.
Steele-
Asked people to tell them how much food they have in their cuboard to help with a community food project- (50% baseline)
Can we influence their behaviour y challenging their identity beforehand?
so they called before hand talking about statements on their community before the actual research call
1) said their community was uncooperative with community projects (95%)
2) not concerned about driver safety (95%)
3) cooperative with community projects (65%)
so by challenging identity can change peoples behaviour.
Greene and House
Walk around campus advertising a sandwhich shop
Asked people yes or no and do you think your friend will say yes or no.
YES- 62% friends also
NO- 67%
this demonstrates the false consensus effect.
Schachter and singer
ppts injected with epinephine or a placebo and told the following
1- informed symptom of arousal
2- not given any information
3-misinformed dizziness
Researcher acted as confederates in waiting rooms in 2 conditions- euphoria and angry
Findings- others affected- those who were in the room with the angry confederate was angry- showing bias of how others affect us- emotions are labels that we put on things- emotions and separate to our physiological response e.g. you feel fear but label it as excitement and u can almost trick yourself.
Sherif 1954/1961- KEYYY GROUPS
3 phases (matched ppts)
1- arrive to camp (run by experimenters)
2- split into 2 groups
3- made names for groups made flags and engaged in competition with the other group (tug of war)
there was lots of intergroup hostility (set fire to other teams flag) and intragroup solidarity(unity)
findings- ethnocentrism (favour your group)
prejudice, discrimination
boys did not have authoritarian or dogmatic personalities checking for extraneous factors
in groups formed even with friends in the outgroup
simple contact did not improve intergroup relations
to reverse the negative aspects they created a scenario where they blocked the water so groups ended up having to work together and their identity of in group became boy camp.- make a common goal
could make a common enemy
Zimbardo 1971 ROLES
stanford uni prison- 24 psychologically stable volunteers
split into guards and prisoners randomly
2 week study cancelled after 6 days
some guards were brutal
some prisoners showed severe emotional disturbance and became docile/submissive
they complied with the expected role
shows how you can get normal people to show uncharacteristic behaviors due to the role given
Batson et al- empathy and why we help others
this study
Modelling prosocial behaviour (ruchton and teachman)
effects of rewards and punishment on childrens ability to behave generously.
Boys aged 8-11 watched adults on a token machine - they then gave a token to charity for a poor child with no parents. the child then sed the machien and when given a token to charity either got positive or negative reinfomrcement. Significant effects- positive reinforceent meant more tokens were given away and negative reinforcement meant less were.
