social identity

Question 1

how did Jhonson and Jhonson 1987 define a group?

Answer 1

2 or more individuals - face/face interacting- aware of their member and of others and aware of their positive independence as they strive to achieve mutual goals

Question 2

Hamilton and sheermans 1996 4 classifications of groups/ types of groups

Answer 2

intimacy- how much you share/ closeness
task
social category e.g. hobbies
loose associations e.g. lboro students- linked in some way

Question 3

Johnson and Johnson 1987 properties

Answer 3

• interaction with others to do something
• 2/3 or more individuals
• collection of individuals who are individual
• achieve a goal
• clear roles and norms
• influence to be a group- influence each other.

Question 4

lebon 1896

what is antisocial behaviour (negative impact on a society) based on-(crowd)

Answer 4

anonymity- in a crowd you are less identified so you are more identified with a group

contagion- see others do behaviours so carry on copying that behaviour

suggestibility- persuaded in group more easily

e.g. football crowds - losing our individuality in big settings

Question 5

evidence of deindividuation

Answer 5

Zimbardo 1970- females in a paired learning task with confederate.
two people think they were given an electric shock when someone made a mistake (half were anonymous wearing a hood -those were deindividuated) = those who were in deindividuated gave electric shocks TWICE as long.

Diener et al 1976.- observed 13000 trick or treating invited to house to take one sweet but owner would leave to give opportunity to take more- individuated (asked name and address)- 8% took more than one sweet but 80% in those who were deindividuated. more likely to break rules

Question 6

social identity theory-

Answer 6

intergroup relations based on self categorization,
social comparison and construction of shared self definition in terms of in group properties.
when your put in a group you favor your in group
judge out group bad
base our social identity based on our in group so see in group positively to boost your self esteem.

Question 7

social identity theory- prototype

Answer 7

cognitive representation- follow ideal person in the group who epitomises the group characteristics- closely related to sterotypes shared in a gorup

Question 8

social identity theory- what is the meta contrast principle

Answer 8

largest difference between in group positions and out group positions- between your group and another group

Question 9

social identity theory- what is salience

Answer 9

when is an identity triggered- peoples perceptions of themselves and others become depersonalized (identity becomes that of a group). what is triggered in that given moment e.g. as a Tedford student that would be my in group but when watching lboro vs notts my in group is lboro

Question 10

Relative homogeneity effect

Answer 10

minority vs majority group
see minority group see them as the same and minority see majority as individuals

when in a majority group you view the outgroup which is the minority p as the same people but yourself as individuals BUT minority group see majority group as individuals and diverse people

Question 11

Roles-

Answer 11

roles can be informal or formal
task or social related
reasons we have roles- divide labor, indicates how members relate to one another, sense of belonging

EXAMPLE - certain roles can be good- electric shock experiment but when women were dressed as nurses they gave less shocks than those dressed as KKK members (based on Johnson and downing 1979)

roles relate greatly to norms- roles continue based on what another individual has done MCNEIL AND SHERIF- shows others copy what is norms to the group e.g. as a fresher you gain a norm of certain behaviours

Question 12

what does procsocial mean?

Answer 12

behaviour that has positive social processes or helps the physical or psychological wellbeing of another individual

Question 13

What is altruism?

Answer 13

An act that is meant to be beneficial to another person rather than oneself. Think about in friends when they tried to find a selfless good deed.

so true altruism is selfless

Question 14

Kinship - why we help others

burnstein et al.

Answer 14

Kinship- biological aspect- impact to why we help people- more likely to help family (maybe as it is mutual)
may help propagate their own genes

Question 15

Empathy- why we help others

Answer 15

if we have been in a similar situation you may be more empathetic and then more likely to help.

Question 16

Bystander effect

Answer 16

people are less likely to help when with others than when on your own.

Question 17

Alport says prejudice has 3 components- what are they?

what does brown say about prejudice

Answer 17

cognitive- belief about the group
Affective- strong feelings (usually negative) about a group
conative-intention to act a certain way towards a certain group

brown 1995- prejudice actually happens when u take action

Question 18

LATANE AND DARLEY- 5 stage model (deciding whether to help- bystander)

Answer 18

Stage 1- attend to what is happening
2- define it as an emergency- Ted Huston 1979 found we are more likely to help in emergencies
verbal effect cues are particular effective e.g. screams led people to be 75% more likely to help

3-assume responsibility
4-decide what to do
5-give help

Question 19

explaining bystander effect- latane and darley

Answer 19

diffusion of responsibility- passing it on to others
audience inhibition- fear of social blunder
social norm- act how others do

Question 20

realistic group conflict theory sherrif 1966

evidence to back up RGCT

Answer 20

Realistic Conflict Theory (RCT) was developed by Sherif. It says that there is conflict between groups rather than cooperation and this happens for real reasons, like a lack of resources to go round. When competition occurs, prejudice forms

mutually exclusibe goals lead to conflict and ethnocrntrism

Evidence- CAMPBELL 1976- surveyed 30 tribal groups in Africa finding greater derogation in outgroups that lived close by so had mutually exclusive goals and had to fight for limited resources such as water and land.
AND KRAUSS 1960- trucking game - compete over the one way fast route rather than mutually agreeing
AND EDNEY 1979 - research on social dilemmas finds that when self interets is more important than the collective good the usual outcome is competetion

Question 21

social movements/ how you develop identity/ how to get people part of a group- 4 phases- KLANDERMANS 1997 page 407 for more detail

Answer 21

1. part of a target group- somehow become part of the group
2. target them particularly
3. develop motivation make them want to be part of the group
4. overcomming barriers to participate e.g. social barriers

Question 22

extra reading- what is positive distinctiveness

Answer 22

provides individuals in a group with a positive social identity.
strives to maximise differences between other group- HOGG 1988- found intergroup differentiation tends to elevate self esteem

can explain delinquency in children NICK ELMER 1999- they do it to manage a favourable representation between groups and peers- delinquency may offer a source of positive identity for children coming from less positive backgrounds