3. Neuromuscular junction Flashcards
How do we prevent an over-excitation of the post-synaptic membrane?
- Desensitization: the receptor changes its conformation, not binding Sodium ions anymore, although capable of binding of ACh.
- The enzyme acetylcholine esterase within the synaptic cleft causes the degradation of the transmitter and thus keeps its level constant.
allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme’s active site
allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme’s active site
The evoked post-synaptic potential (EPSP) is determined by three factors
- The total number of ACh-receptors.
- The open-state probability of each receptor.
- The refractory period
Antagonists of ACh
Curare (reversable) and Bungarotoxin (permanent)
Calcium channel types relevant for ACh release
P/Q and N
The ESPS is preceded by?
A Ca2+ influx in the presynaptic neuron and ACh release
Explain exocytosis
Mobilization: the big increase in ca2+ activates CAM kinase 2, which phosphorylysis synapsin. Synpasin becomes inactive and the vesicle is released
Trafficking: the vesicle moves along the membrane. We need GTP Rab3A for this
Docking-priming: vesicle markers such as synaptobrevin associate with their membrane partner (here SNAP-25). The vesicle is then bound to the membrane and the fusion can happen
When the vesicle approaches the presynaptic membrane it’s called priming, when the presynaptic membrane catches the vesicle it’s called super priming and when the fusion pore is set up and NTs are released it’s fusion pore opening
What are important proteins/thing in keeping the vesicle close the the Ca2+ receptors?
The SNARE complex and RIM and RIM binding proteins supported by Munc13 and Rab/27
What protein is responsible for endocytosis
clathrin
What shapes does the Neuromuscular junction take under development
moves form a plug to prezel like structure. The pretzel structure is done after 3 weeks
synaptic elimination
when all but one synapse is eliminated 3 weeks after birth between the pre- and postsynaptic neurons in the neuromuscular junction
Process of a synapsis being formed in the neuromuscular junction
Agrin attaches MUSK (muscle specific tyrosine kinase) and thus interacts with Rapsyn to create ACh-R Clustering
What determines the amount of AChR in synaptic formation?
neuregulin levels (it binds to its post-synaptic receptor the erb-kinase. Activation of the erb-kinase initiates the MAPK pathway and starts gene expression of the ACh-receptor)
What’s the importance of laminin-221 and it’s beta-2 chain?
The matrix protein laminin-221 plays a major role in correct pre-synaptic differentiation of the NMJ.
The Beta-2 channel are localized in the synaptic cleft at the place at which pre- and post-synaptic compartments meet. This association leads to accumulation of the pre-synaptic voltage-gated calcium channes (N- as well as P/Q-type). The cluster formation proceeds an enhanced Ca2+ influx which is recognized as a differentiation signal. The signal implies stop of axonal elongation and start of pre-synaptic differentiation
Congenital myathenic syndromes (CMS)
Disorder develops at birth or in childhood (the earlier the worse). Takes the pre, post or synaptic form (fast/slow channel)
fast vs slow channel postsynaptic CMS
fast channel: missing receptors or don’t stay open long enough
Slow channel: channels stay open too long