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CPNP- AC > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

On arterial blood pressure monitoring where is the systolic and diastolic notch?

A

Systolic is peak, diastolic is valley

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2
Q

What congenital heart defect is a harsh loud mid systolic murmur at the left sternal border that radiates to the neck?

A

Aortic stenosis

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3
Q

Hypovolemia, anaphylaxis, distributive shock cause high or low CVPs?

A

Low low

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4
Q

What grade of murmur can be heard without a stethoscope?

A

Grade six

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5
Q

What are the three components of an AV canal defect?

A

ASD, inlet VSD, abnormal formation of the AV valves with left to right shunting

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6
Q

What is the most useful diuretic in lowering BP?

A

Thiazides

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7
Q

What are the four findings of tetralogy of fallot?

A

VSD, right ventricular out tracked obstruction, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy

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8
Q

What criteria are you used to diagnose endocarditis?

A

The Duke criteria either two major or one major plus two minor or five minor criteria

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9
Q

What are symptoms of cardiac tamponade?

A

Friction rub, cold extremities, poor perfusion, absent peripheral pulses

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10
Q

What are classic symptoms of a coarctation of the aorta?

A

Upper extremity hypertension, brachial femoral pulse lag absent or weak pulses in lower extremities

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11
Q

What is the management of cardiac tamponade?

A

Pericardial thoracentesis

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12
Q

What defines pulmonary hypertension?

A

Pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 at rest

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13
Q

What is diagnostic for a kylo thorax?

A

Triglyceride level greater than 110 in pleural fluid

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14
Q

What is the treatment of long QT syndrome?

A

Beta blockers

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15
Q

What is the benefit of doing a trans esophageal echo?

A

Better picture of aorta pulmonary artery other valves, and atrial septum

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16
Q

What is the acute management of cardiomyopathy?

A

Increase cardio output with inotropes, vasodilators, diuretics

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17
Q

How are vascular rings or slings diagnosed?

A

Barium swallow or CT if needed

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18
Q

What is the treatment of pericarditis?

A

Emergent pericardiocentesis and antibiotics for staph in h flu

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19
Q

Where is a VSD murmur heard?

A

Left lower sternal border

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20
Q

Where is peripheral pulmonic stenosis best heard?

A

Left upper sternal border

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21
Q

What post operative complication presents with fever, pericardial effusion, fatigue, chest pain, poor po intake?

A

Post pericardiotomy syndrome

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22
Q

What blood pressure medication can cause hyperkalemia when there’s volume depletion?

A

Ace inhibitors such as Lisinopril

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23
Q

What is rheumatic fever

A

Vasculitis that occurs two to four weeks falling group a strep pharyngitis

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24
Q

What is the goal reduction of blood pressure in the first 12 hours?

A

25 to 30%

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25
Q

What are osler nodes and what are they a sign of?

A

Finger oddities caused by endocarditis

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26
Q

What murmur is obliterated by rotating the head to the side or including the neck veins?

A

Venus hum

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27
Q

For treatments for tet spells?

A

Oxygen as a pulmonary vasodilator, morphine for sedation, bicarb to correct acidosis, phenylephrine which selectively increases systemic vascular resistance

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28
Q

What is the most common bacteria responsible for endocarditis?

A

Staph and strep

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29
Q

What are normal PA pressures?

A

Less than 30

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30
Q

During a hypertensive emergency what is your most concerning outcome?

A

P r e s or hypertensive encephalopathy

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31
Q

What does a child with tricuspid atresia need at birth to survive?

A

ASD

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32
Q

What category of defect has blood flowing from left to right?

A

A cyanotic

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33
Q

What are indications for an echo?

A

Suspected congenital or acquired heart disease or arrhythmias

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34
Q

Why do we care about long QT syndrome?

A

Can lead to syncope, cardiac arrest, or sudden death

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35
Q

Is the usual cause of myocarditis?

A

Virus

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36
Q

What murmur transmits to the right and left trust, axilla, and back?

A

Peripheral pneumonic stenosis

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37
Q

A widely split fixed S2 murmur heard best at the left upper stone border is the Hallmark sound for what a cyanotic heart defect?

A

ASD

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38
Q

What are symptoms of congestive heart failure?

A

Crackles, respiratory distress, diaphoresis, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, exercise intolerance

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39
Q

What is the most common innocent murmur?

A

Stills murmur

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40
Q

What x-ray marking show up on a patient with co-workation of the aorta?

A

Three sign, rib notching

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41
Q

What is the classic murmur of an AV canal?

A

Systolic regurgitant murmur heard at the left lower sternal border

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42
Q

Where is mitral stenosis heard?

A

Optical murmur

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43
Q

Who’s the most common cyanotic defect in newborns?

A

Transposition of the great vessels

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44
Q

What is the most deadly and least common type of cardiomyopathy?

A

Restrictive

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45
Q

What is Beck’s triad?

A

JVD, muffled heart sounds, hypotension

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46
Q

What type of cardiomyopathy results in diastolic dysfunction and atrial issues as large amount of blood is not able to leave the ventricle?

A

Restrictive

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47
Q

What congenital heart defect will have discrepancies in four extremity blood pressures?

A

Corruption of the aorta

48
Q

What does rheumatic fever lead to?

A

Vasculitis, possibly mitral valve disease

49
Q

TR, TS, high IT pressures, and heart failure cause high or low CVPs?

A

Hi

50
Q

What congenital heart defect is a continuous machinery like murmur heard at the left infraclavicular area or upper left sternal border?

A

Pda

51
Q

What will a chest x-ray look like of someone with cardiomyopathy?

A

Cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema

52
Q

What are other symptoms of endocarditis?

A

Fever, septic emboli, myalgias, malaise, petechiae

53
Q

What is a hypersonic event?

A

Lack of preload and extreme left to right shunting causing hyperpnea

54
Q

What is the treatment of myocarditis?

A

Supportive care with digoxin, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, IVIG

55
Q

What is treatment for pulmonary atresia?

A

Needs PGE at birth and emergent BT shunt

56
Q

What are signs of mitral stenosis?

A

Atrial fib, pulmonary edema, blood clots

57
Q

Baby canal defect is associated with what genetic disorder?

A

Trisomy 21

58
Q

What is used to prevent unrestricted pulmonary blood flow and prevent pulmonary over circulation?

A

PA band

59
Q

What type of cardiomyopathy causes systolic dysfunction resulting in decrease contractility and very poor function?

A

Dilated

60
Q

What is the long-term management for post-operative SVT?

A

Digoxin, propranolol, amiodarone

61
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

VSD

62
Q

Where is a stills murmur best herd?

A

Mid-left sternal border when the patient is supine

63
Q

What murmur is best heard at the left upper sternal border, mid systolic and is innocent?

A

Pulmonary ejection murmur

64
Q

What is a sign that a syncopal episode is more likely a severe etiology?

A

Loss of consciousness greater than 1 minute

65
Q

The classic x-ray finding of a child with tetralogy of fellow?

A

Boot-shaped heart

66
Q

What diuretics are used in CHF?

A

Chlorothiazide

67
Q

What is the treatment of total anomalous pulmonary veinous return?

A

Atrial subtoped me if obstructive surgical repair within first few years of life

68
Q

What is the treatment for post-pericardiotomy syndrome?

A

And sets 5 to 7 days or systemic steroids

69
Q

What is a cardiac reason for syncope?

A

Arrhythmias or outflow tract obstruction causing cerebral hypoperfusion

70
Q

What is the gold standard to diagnose myocarditis?

A

Biopsy

71
Q

What does t a p v r look like on an x ray?

A

Snowman sign

72
Q

What is the treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy?

A

Beta blockers, avoid catecholamines

73
Q

Common arrhythmias that occur after cardiac surgery?

A

Jet and SVT

74
Q

How is rheumatic fever treated?

A

Penicillin, aspirin and bed rest until fever and symptoms resolve

75
Q

What sign out a heart disease has a hololysystolic murmur at the left sternal border?

A

Tetrology of fallot

76
Q

What is good treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Beta blockers

77
Q

What medications are used to help with cardiac contractility in CHF?

A

Digoxin enalapril middle of renowned other vasodilators

78
Q

What is a normal CVP?

A

2:00 to 6:00

79
Q

What is diagnostic for rheumatic fever?

A

Two major or one major and two minor of the Jones criteria

80
Q

What is a good blood pressure medication and asthma patients?

A

Calcium channel blocker such as amlodipine

81
Q

What are the three types of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive

82
Q

What blood pressure medication needs to be avoided in diabetes, asthma, and heart block?

A

Beta blockers such as atenolol

83
Q

What shows up on an echo of someone with cardiomyopathy?

A

Decreased CO and global function

84
Q

What is the staged surgery order for hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

Norwood, bidirectional Glenn, fontan

85
Q

What is the treatment for endocarditis?

A

4 to 6 weeks of antibiotics surgery if abscess or emboli

86
Q

What are the seven s’s of innocent murmurs?

A

Small, single, short, sensitive, soft, sweet, systolic

87
Q

What is the difference between venoarterial and venovenous ECMO support?

A

VA- heart and lungs

VV- respiratory only

88
Q

What are three ways of pacing the heart?

A

Esophageal, epicardial, transvenus, transcutaneous

89
Q

What is the treatment for TGA?

A

Atrial substance to me and PGE to keep the duct open

90
Q

What is the leading cause of acquired heart disease?

A

Kawasaki disease

91
Q

Just the first second and third letter in pacing modes represent?

A

Chamber paced so either a atrial ventricular or dual

Chamber sensed either atrial ventricular or dual

Response too sensed event so either trigger or inhibited

92
Q

What is post pericardiotomy syndrome?

A

Federal illness secondary to a cell mediated immune inflammatory reaction 1 to 2 weeks after tissue injury to myocardium

93
Q

What shunt increases pulmonary blood flow inductal dependent legions? And is an artificial PDA?

A

BT shunt

94
Q

What is the treatment of choice for arrhythmias related to cardiomyopathy?

A

Amiodarone

95
Q

What are the major Jones criteria?

A

Migratory arthritis, carditis and valvulitis, chorea, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodule

96
Q

What are the minor Jones criteria?

A

Arthralgia, fever, elevated ESR or CRP, prolonged PR interval

97
Q

What are the early reasons for failure of a cardiac transplant?

A

Raft failure and right heart failure that is associated with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance

98
Q

Becks triad is really to what cardiac emergency?

A

Cardiac tamponade

99
Q

What is the most common cause of mitral stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

100
Q

What grade of murmur has a thrill?

A

Grade four

101
Q

What medication is used in CHF for heart remodeling?

A

Aldactone

102
Q

What maneuver do children naturally do during touch spells?

A

Need a chest which increases the pulmonary vascular resistance

103
Q

What condition does pericarditis sometimes present like?

A

Tamponade

104
Q

What is the treatment for SVT?

A

Bagel maneuvers, synchronized cardioversion, adenosine 1 mg per kg per dose

105
Q

What is the physiological consequence of right ventricular pressure overload and ventricular dysfunction?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

106
Q

What are characteristics of a pathologic murmur?

A

Holosystolic, diastolic, greater than grade 3 or with a click, harsh, increases in intensity withstanding

107
Q

What is the acronym for location of heart sounds?

A

APT M

AORTIC, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral / apex

108
Q

What is the definition of hypertension?

A

Blood pressure consistently above 95th percentile for age measured on three separate occasions

109
Q

Cardiac tamponade, dehydration, asthma cause wide or narrow arterial blood pressures?

A

Narrow

110
Q

What cardiomyopathy has rare syncope but malignant?

A

Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

111
Q

When does low cardiac output syndrome occur?

A

Predictable falling cardiac output after bypass at 6 to 18 hours

112
Q

What is the management of jet arrhythmia?

A

Immunodrome or cardiac pacing

113
Q

Differentiate between essential and secondary hypertension

A

Essential is multifactorial and related to genetic familial or dietary factors

Secondary is usually a renal vascular in origin or some other systemic or metabolic or endocrine process

114
Q

What is the treatment for tet spells?

A

Increase systemic vascular resistance, decrease impedance to pulmonary blood flow

115
Q

Gold standard to diagnose pulmonary hypertension?

A

Cardiac catheterization

116
Q

How does wolf parkinson white present?

A

chest pain and palpiations

CPNP- AC (14 decks)

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