CHAPTER FIVE PSYCH 1115

Question 1

zygote

Answer 1

The life cycle begins at conception, when one sperm unites with an egg to form a zygote (fertilized egg). The zygote enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division.

Question 2

embryo

Answer 2

The zygote’s inner cells become the embryo; the outer cells become the placenta. The embryo is the developing human organism from about 2-weeks after fertilization through two months.

Question 3

fetus

Answer 3

he next 6-weeks, body organs begin to form and function. By 9-weeks, the fetus is recognizably human.

Question 4

Teratogen:

Answer 4

An agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Question 5

Piaget’s theory and current thinking

Sensoritmotor stage

Answer 5

Tools for thinking and reasoning shange with development

• adaptation
• assimilation
• accommodation

Question 6

Object permanence

Answer 6

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Question 7

karen wynn

Answer 7

(1992, 2000, 2008) showed 5-month-olds one or two objects. Then she hid the objects behind a screen, and visibly removed or added one. When she lifted the screen, the infants sometimes did a double take, staring longer when shown the wrong number of objects

Question 8

piaget

Answer 8

Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

• children learn to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations on concrete logic
• conversation
• egocentrism/curse of knowledge

Question 9

theory of the mind

Answer 9

Involves the ability to read the mental state of others
Between ages 3½ and 4½, children worldwide use theory of mind to realize others may hold false beliefs.
By age 4 to 5, children anticipate false beliefs of friends.

Question 10

Concrete operational (7-11)

Answer 10

Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
They begin to understand changes in form before changes in quantity.
They begin to understand simple math and conversation.

Question 11

Formal operational (12-adulthood)

Answer 11

Children are no longer limited to concrete reasoning based on actual experience.
They are able to think abstractly.

Question 12

An alternative viewpoint: vygotsky and the social child

Answer 12

Children’s minds grow through interaction with the physical environment.
By the age of seven, children are able to think and solve problems with words
Parents and others provide a temporary scaffold to facilitate the child’s higher level of thinking
The language of the child’s culture is used in internalized, inner speech

Question 13

Reflecting on piaget theory

Answer 13

Piaget identified significant cognitive milestones and stimulated global interest in cognitive development
Researchers finding suggest that the sequence of cognitive milestones unfold basically a piaget proposed
Development is more continuous than piaget theorized
Children may be more competent than piaget theory revealed

Question 14

infant attachment

Answer 14

Emotional tie with another person-shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregiver, and showing distress on separation
At about 8 months, soons after object permanence develops, children display stranger anxiety when separated from their caregivers
Infants from attachments not just because parents gratify biological needs, but also because they are comfortable, familiar, and responsive.

Question 15

Studying attachment

Answer 15

Strange situation experiments show that some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached
Infants deferring attachment styles reflect both their individual temperament and the responsiveness
Early attachment influences later adult relationships and comfort with affection and intimacy.

Question 16

Attachment differences as measured by strange situation

Answer 16

(ainsworth, 1979) Secure attachment, Insecure attachment .

Question 17

Temperament and attachment

Answer 17

Difficult: irritable, intense, and unpredictable.
Easy: cheerful, relaxed, and feeding and sleeping on predictable schedules

Question 18

Attachment styles and later relationships

Answer 18

Erik Erikson believed that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust.
Many researchers now believe that our early attachments form the foundation for our adult relationships and our comfort with affection and intimacy (Birnbaum et al., 2006; Fraley et al., 2013).
People who report secure relationships with their parents tend to enjoy secure friendships.
Students leaving home to attend college tend to adjust well if they are closely attached to their parents.
Children with sensitive, responsive mothers tend to flourish socially and academically.

Question 19

Self concept

Answer 19

Self concept - an understanding and evaluation of who we are - emerges gradually.
6 months: self awareness begins with self recognition in mirror (darwin)
15-18 months: schema of how the face should look is apparent
School age: more detailed descriptions of gender, group membership, psychological traits, and peer comparisons
8-10 years: self image becomes stable

Question 20

Adolescence: physical development

Answer 20

adolescence is the transition from puberty to social independence.
Early-maturing boys: More popular, self-assured, and independent; at greater risk for alcohol use, delinquency, and premature sexual activity.
Early-maturing girls: Mismatch between physical and emotional maturity may encourage relationships with older teens; teasing or sexual harassment may occur.
Teens: Frontal lobe development and synaptic pruning may lead to irrational and risky behaviors

Question 21

Developing reasoning power:

Answer 21

piaget : Develop new abstract thinking tools

Reason logically and develop moral judgement

Question 22

Developing moral reasoning

Answer 22

kohlberg : Use moral reasoning that develops in a universal sequence to guide moral actions

Question 23

Moral intuition

Answer 23

Haidt: Much of morality is rooted in moral intuitions that are made quickly and automatically.
Greene: Moral cognition is often automatic but can be overridden.

Question 24

Moral action

Answer 24

Moral action feeds moral attitudes. Mischel: The ability to delay gratification is linked to more positive outcomes in adulthood.

Question 25

adolescence : social development

Answer 25

Adolescence struggle: Identity versus role confusion; continues into adulthood.
Social identity: The “we” aspect of self-concept that comes from group memberships.
Healthy identity formation is followed by a capacity to build close relationships.
Self-esteem typically declines during the early to mid-teen years, and, for girls, depression scores often increase. Self-image rebounds during the late teens and twenties, and gender self-esteem differences become small (Zuckerman et al., 2016)

Question 26

neurocognitive disorders

Answer 26

Acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits
Often related to alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse
Results in erosion of mental abilities that is not typical or normal aging

Question 27

Neural involvement

Answer 27

Loss of brain cells and deterioration of acetylcholine-producing neurons
Accumulation of protein fragments in the form of plaque
Degeneration of critical brain cells and activity in Alzheimer’s-related brain areas