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AP GEO > Unit 7 - Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescent fertility rate

A

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19.

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2
Q

Demand

A

The quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy.

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3
Q

Developed country( more developed country [MDC] or relatively developed country)

A

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

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4
Q

Developing country (less developed country [LDC])

A

A country that is a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.

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5
Q

Development

A

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

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6
Q

Fair trade

A

An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.

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7
Q

Female labor force participation rate

A

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.

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8
Q

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A

A measure of the extent of each country’s gender inequality.

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9
Q

Gross domestic product (GDP)

A

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year).

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10
Q

Gross national income (GNI)

A

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country for one year, inkling money that leaves and enter the country.

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11
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

An indicator of the level of development for each country constructed by the United Nations that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

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12
Q

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

A

Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country.

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13
Q

Literacy rate

A

The percentage of a country’s people who can read an write

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14
Q

Maternal mortality ratio

A

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.

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15
Q

Microfinance

A

Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

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16
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

Eight international development goals that all members of the Untied Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015

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17
Q

Primary sector

A

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry

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18
Q

Productivity

A

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

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19
Q

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

A

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same good and services in another country; PPP adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.

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20
Q

Secondary sector

A

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

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21
Q

Supply

A

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

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22
Q

Tertiary sector

A

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people, in exchange for payment

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23
Q

Uneven development

A

Development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery.

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24
Q

Break-of-bulk point

A

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

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25
Q

Bulk-gaining industry

A

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

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26
Q

Bulk-reducing industry

A

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

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27
Q

cottage industry

A

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

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28
Q

Fordist production

A

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

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29
Q

greenhouse effect

A

Anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.

30
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

31
Q

Just-in-time delivery

A

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

32
Q

Labor-intensive industry

A

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

33
Q

New international division of labor

A

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

34
Q

Outsourcing

A

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

35
Q

Post-Fordist Production

A

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

36
Q

right-to-work laws

A

A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.

37
Q

Site Factors

A

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

38
Q

Situation Factors

A

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

39
Q

Vertical Integration

A

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

40
Q

Quarternary Sector

A

The portion of the economy concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services

41
Q

Quinary Sector

A

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.

42
Q

Industrialization

A

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

43
Q

Standards of living

A

A measurement of prosperity or wealth for the people in a country usually measured in terms of income

44
Q

Agglomeration

A

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

45
Q

Least Cost Theory

A

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

46
Q

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

A

The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. The world economy has a three-tier structure.

47
Q

core country

A

Countries that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies.

48
Q

semi-periphery

A

Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and South Africa

49
Q

periphery countries

A

The least developed and least powerful nations; often exploited by the core countries as sources of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets

50
Q

Middle Class

A

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

51
Q

Working Class

A

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

52
Q

Deindustrialization

A

a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry

53
Q

Neoliberal policies

A

Economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for political and social life

54
Q

Mercosur

A

An organization that promotes trade and economic cooperation among the southern and eastern countries of South America

55
Q

Tariff

A

A tax on imported goods

56
Q

non-governmental organization (NGO)

A

Private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development.

57
Q

Ecotourism

A

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.

58
Q

Free Trade Zone (FTZ)

A

a duty-free and tax-exempt industrial park created to attract foreign corporations and create industrial jobs

59
Q

export processing zones (EPZs)

A

physical spaces within a country where special regulations benefit foreign-controlled businesses

60
Q

Complementarity

A

Trade when both parties have goods or services that the other wants.

61
Q

Footloose Firm

A

An industry that can be located anywhere, without consideration for the factors of production.

62
Q

Globalization

A

The spread of businesses, products, people and ideas around the world.

63
Q

Brownfield

A

A property that has the potential to be a hazardous waste or contaminant.

64
Q

Backwash Effect

A

The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth within another region.

65
Q

Technopole

A

A hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing.

66
Q

Dependency Theory

A

Resources flow from a periphery of poor and less developed states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

67
Q

Economy of Scale

A

The condition created when the savings in cost per unit increase due to increasing the level of production.

68
Q

Export Processing Zone

A

Areas found in many regions of the developing world that provide incentives for foreign companies to conduct their business there.

69
Q

Ancillary Activities

A

Economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries.

70
Q

Gini Coefficient

A

A measure of the distribution of income across a population.

AP GEO (7 decks)

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