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AP Psychology > Unit 3 Review > Flashcards

Unit 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

process of taking in info from the environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

how we recognize, interpret, and organize our sensation

A

Perception

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3
Q

process of converting a sensory signal into an electrical signal in the sensory neuron

A

Sensory Transduction

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4
Q

lowest level of stimulus that an organism could detect at least 50% of the time

A

Absolute Threshold

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5
Q

smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli could differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different

A

Difference Threshold

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6
Q

ability to detect a stimulus depend on; intensity of stimulus and physical psychological state of the individual

A

Signal Detection Theory

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7
Q

conducted psychology’s first true experiments by studying the sensitivity of sensory organs

A

Ernst Weber

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8
Q

Weber’s term for the difference threshold

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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9
Q

ratio between the just noticeable difference and the standard stimulus

A

Weber’s Law

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10
Q

built upon the work of Ernst Weber by looking at for the ratio between stimulus magnitude and sensation magnitude

A

Gustav Fechner

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11
Q

start with a stimulus and gradually work up to one that is noticed

A

Method of Limits

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12
Q

stimuli are presented individually at the threshold, or paired within the threshold

A

Method of Constant Stimuli

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13
Q

try to match the comparison stimulus to the standard stimulus

A

Method of Adjustment

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14
Q

small section of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Visual Spectrum

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15
Q

order from long to short, wavelength/ frequency (hue)

A

ROYGBIV

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16
Q

intensity/ brightness

A

Amplitude (height)

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17
Q

how we perceive the color

A

Light Wavelength (Width)

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18
Q

tough, white, outer membrane of the eye

A

Sclera

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19
Q

clear covering at the front of the eye that light passes through

A

Cornea

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20
Q

fluid between the cornea and lens

A

Aqueous Humor

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21
Q

colorful muscle that determines how much light enters the eye

A

Iris

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22
Q

hole in the iris that light passes through

A

Pupil

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23
Q

accessory structure that focuses light onto the fovea/retina

A

Lens

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24
Q

process by which the lens increases its curvature to focus on near objects or decreases its curvature to focus on distant objects

A

Accomodation

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25
Q

nearsightedness due to too much lens curvature

A

Myopia

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26
Q

farsightedness due to too little lens curvature

A

Hyperopia

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27
Q

back of the eye where transduction takes place

A

Retina

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28
Q

convert light energy to electrochemical neural impulses

A

Photoreceptors

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29
Q

black/white; peripheral and night vision; 20:1 ratio with cones; 50 rods per bipolar cell

A

Rods

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30
Q

color, light, detail (visual activity); each one connects to its own bipolar cell

A

Cones

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31
Q

gradual increase in sensitivity to a low level of light as you transition from cone to rod vision

A

Dark Adaptation

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32
Q

process in which the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination

A

Light Adaptation

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33
Q

low level processing of information

A

Bipolar Cells

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34
Q

process visual information that begins as light entering the eye and transmits it to the brain

A

Ganglion Cells

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35
Q

retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell

A

Receptive Field

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36
Q

Axons of ganglion cells that travel to the thalamus

A

Optic Nerve

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37
Q

center of the retina where the cones are located; lens focuses light here

A

Fovea

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38
Q

spot at the back of the eye where there are no photoreceptors due to the optic nerve exiting the eye

A

Blind Spot

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39
Q

area of the brain where the visual fields from each eye cross to get to the appropriate side of the brain

A

Optic Chiasm

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40
Q

the primary relay center for visual information received from the retina of the eye

A

Thalamus (Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN))

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41
Q

visual cortex

A

Occipital Lobe

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42
Q

respond only to specific features of visual stimuli

A

Feature Detectors

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43
Q

won the nobel prize in 1981, for finding the connections between nerve cells, filter and transform sensory information on its way to the cortex

A

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

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44
Q

a brief period in which an organism develops, must be exposed to stimuli for proper cortical development.

A

Critical Period

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45
Q

What happens if the isn’t exposed to the stimuli during the critical period?

A

The brain will not develop properly for that skill.

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46
Q

simultaneous processing of stimulus elements (color, movement, depth, and form)

A

Parallel Processing

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47
Q

“what” pathway, connects to the prefrontal cortex, allows recognition of the item

A

Ventral Stream

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48
Q

“where” pathway, integrates visual information with the somatosensory cortex

A

Dorsal Stream

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49
Q

cones in the retina are activated by certain colors (red, green, blue) and we mix them to create all of the colors the same as a tv does

A

Trichromatic Color Theory

50
Q

start with black

A

Additive Color Theory

51
Q

start with white

A

Subtractive Color Theory

52
Q

cells in the thalamus respond to opponent pairs of receptor sets (blue-yellow)(red-green)(black-white)

A

Opponent Process Theory

53
Q

when staring at one color for to long and the receptors fatigue; the opponent color will show instead

A

Color After Images

54
Q

Red-green is the most common; sex linked trait; most common in males; get from mothers x chromosome

A

Colorblindness (Dichromats)

55
Q

see only black, white, and shades of grey

A

Monochromats

56
Q

a drawing that is compatible with two different interpretations that can shift back and forth

A

Reversible Figure

57
Q

predisposition to perceive something in a certain way; based on our schemas

A

Perpetual Set

58
Q

Process of directing and focusing psychological resources to enhance perception, performance and mental experience

A

Attention

59
Q

focus your awareness on only a limited aspect of all you are capable of processing and are blind to other stimuli

A

Inattentional blindness/ Selective attention

60
Q

process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex from

A

Feature Analysis

61
Q

features of object itself to complete perception; longer; more accurate

A

Bottom Up Processing

62
Q

perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense; faster; more error prone

A

Top-Down Processing

63
Q

mental representation of the world and how we perceive it to be based on our own experiences

A

Schemas

64
Q

influence of environmental factors on ones perception of a stimulus

A

Context Factors

65
Q

images in a series of still pictures presented at a certain speed will appear to be moving or a series of light bulbs turned on and off at a certain rate will appear to be a moving light

A

Stroboscopic effect/ Phi Phenomenon

66
Q

figure is the dominant objectand the ground is the natural and formless setting for the figure

A

Figure-Ground

67
Q

tendency to close objects that are not complete

A

Closure

68
Q

tendency to group like objects together

A

Similarity

69
Q

tendency to see objects near to each other as forming groups

A

Proximity

70
Q

tendency to perceive preferentially fluid or continuous forms, rather than irregular or jagged ones

A

Continuity

71
Q

we organize things in the simplest way possible; law of pragnanz

A

Simplicity

72
Q

an inference about what from could be responsible for a pattern of sensory stimulation

A

Perceptual Hypothesis

73
Q

interpretation of visual cues to indicate how far or near objects are

A

Depth Perception

74
Q

visual cues that rely on both eyes

A

Binocular cues

75
Q

closer the object, the less similar information at each eye

A

Retinal/ Binocular Disparity

76
Q

results from the need for both eyes to turn inwards slightly to focus on near objects

A

Convergence

77
Q

visual cues that need only one eye

A

Monocular Cues

78
Q

an object gets closer, accommodation of the lens increases

A

Accomodation

79
Q

difference in the apparent movement of objects at different distances, when the observer is in motion

A

Motion Parallax

80
Q

AKA occlusion, occurs when near object partially blocks the view of an object behind it

A

Interposition

81
Q

Parallel lines seem to draw closer together as the lines recede into the distance

A

Linear perspective

82
Q

Images that are farther from us project a smaller image on the right now then do those that are closer to us

A

Relative size

83
Q

Near objects are low in the visual field, More distant ones higher up

A

Height in plane

84
Q

We use shadows in images to imply where a light source is in those implied deaths in position on objects

A

Shadowing

85
Q

Textures, or patterns of distribution of objects, appear to grow more densely packed or smooth as a distance increases

A

Texture gradient

86
Q

And we know that a stimulus remains the same size, shape, and brightness, even though it does not appear to

A

Perpetual constancy

87
Q

Discrepancies between the appearance of a visual stimulus and it’s physical reality

A

Visual/optical illusion

88
Q

Misperception that the moon is larger when it is at the horizon then when it is overhead

A

Moon illusion

89
Q

lines that seem to differ in length; due to distance cues

A

Muler-lyer Illusion

90
Q

Two identical horizontal bars seem to differ in length; distance cues lead one line to be judged as farther away than the other

A

Ponzo illusion

91
Q

Height of the wave; loudness

A

Amplitude

92
Q

Length of the wave; pitch

A

Frequency

93
Q

Measurement used for frequency

A

Hertz

94
Q

Measurement of amplitude; every 10 dB, amplitude doubles

A

Decibel

95
Q

Purity of the waveform

A

Timbre

96
Q

Pinna, Auditory canal, eardrum/Tympanic Membrane

A

Outer ear

97
Q

Ossicles/ bones (malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup)

A

Middle ear

98
Q

Cochlea, Auditory nerve, primary auditory cortex or Temporal lobe

A

Inner ear

99
Q

Membrane in the cochlea that they ossicles are connected to and transmit the vibrations

A

Oval window

100
Q

Floor of the cochlea that the organ of Corti sits upon

A

Basilar membrane

101
Q

Neurons, hair cells on top of the basilar membrane

A

Organ of Corti

102
Q

Hair cells on the organ of Corti respond to different frequencies based on where they are located; George von Bekesy

A

Place theory

103
Q

Hair cells alternate firing

A

Volley theory

104
Q

Hairstyles fire at the same frequencies as the sound

A

Frequency theory

105
Q

Ability to identify each frequency

A

Absolute perfect pitch

106
Q

Damage in the outer or middle ear

A

Conduction deafness

107
Q

Damage to the inner ear

A

Nerves deafness

108
Q

Process to determine the location of a sound; due to us having two ears

A

Sound/auditory localization

109
Q

Chemical molecule stimulate the receptors

A

Chemical senses

110
Q

Located on the Papillae also on the roof of your mouth and opening of the throat

A

Taste buds

111
Q

Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and unami/glutamate 

A

Five basic taste that we agree upon

112
Q

More than average amount of taste buds; more sensitive to bitter, spicy foods, and alcohol; taste food more intensely

A

Super tasters

113
Q

Average number of taste buds

A

Tasters

114
Q

Fewer taste buds than normal

A

Non-tasters

115
Q

Reduction intensity to stimulus after constant exposure; Becomes plain, non-stimulating

A

Sensory adaptation

116
Q

Loss of smell

A

Anosmia

117
Q

Chemical hunters

A

Pheromones

118
Q

Experience pain only if the message can get through the gate and the spinal cord as some neurons have higher priority over others; Explains how message, acupuncture, ice, and electrical stimulation work; Melzack and Wall

A

Gate–control theory

119
Q

Bodies pain relievers that close the gate to paint

A

Endorphins

120
Q

Taste colors, hear smells, she tastes, letters and numbers have colors, etc.

A

Synesthesia

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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