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DDS > Module 3 ALS > Flashcards

Module 3 ALS Flashcards

1
Q

The surface area of the rectum has no villi, thus has a relatively (high or low) absorptive surface area.

A

low

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2
Q

The rectal mucosa is the mucous layer of the rectum (rectal fluid) with a volume of ___ ml (100 micrometers thick) and pH of 7.5

A

3

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3
Q

Rectal fluid is about 3 mL which is very little fluid for drug …

A

dissolution

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4
Q

The epithelium of the rectal mucosa is cylindrical single cell layer and goblet cells, but it transitions to a _____ epithelium as it reaches the anus.

A

squamous

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5
Q

______ rectal veins drain to the general circulation (without hepatic first pass metabolism)

A

lower and middle

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6
Q

____ rectal vein drains to the hepatic portal vein which is more GI-like (with hepatic first pass metabolism)

A

superior

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7
Q

Venous Anastomoses is the opening; a natural communication between …

A

two blood vessels

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8
Q

____ can help spread the dosage form and are stimulated by colonic contents– Rectal Motility

A

Rectal contractions

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9
Q

Advantage of Rectal Drug delivery if the oral route is les desirable for the drug…

A

Bypass drug inactivation of upper GIT
Partial avoidance of Hepatic first pass metabolism (only absorbed in the lower rectum to bypass portal drainage)
The rate of absorption is not affected by gastric emptying or GI transit time

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10
Q

Disadvantage of Rectal Drug delivery …

A

Poor, slow, erratic drug bioavailability
- Low surface area
- Low fluid content
- complex blood drainage
(lower suppository placement– avoid portal drainage- which is needed if systemic effect is desirable)

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11
Q

Vehicles for oral liquids- primary solvent used is purified water, since tap water contains …

A

inorganic and organic impurities includes dissolved inorganic/organic matter (Calcium, Iron, Sulfates)

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12
Q

Purified water is obtained by …

A

distillation, reverse osmosis, or ion-exchange (end up with very low conc. of dissolved solute)

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13
Q

Syrup vehicles for oral liquids include the most common _____ with a pH of 3.5-4.0

A

Cherry syrup

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14
Q

Cosolvents work in aqueous media by reducing polarity, water miscible and includes…

A

alcohol, glycerin, and propylene glycol

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15
Q

Hydroalcoholic mixture (cosolvent in elixirs) is the mixture of water with the cosolvent…

A

alcohol

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16
Q

Disulfiram-like reactions may occur when taking alcohol-containing products, and this reaction …

A

cause one to vomit (Flushing, N+V)

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17
Q

Glycerin is a clear _____ liquid with a sweet taste and hard to work with.

A

viscous

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18
Q

____ is less viscous than glycerin and easier to work with as a cosolvent in oral liquids.

A

propylene glycol

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19
Q

_____ is a cosolvent and can have toxic effects if it accumulates, such as seizures, hemolysis, and tachycardia.

A

propylene glycol

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20
Q

Propylene glycol should not be used in infants since it is metabolized by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme pathway that does not attain its full adult activity until the age of ____

A

12-30 months of age

21
Q

Preservatives inhibit microbial growth and includes…

A
  1. Benzoic acid/Sodium Benzoate
  2. Parabens- (Methyl-propyl-butyl-)
  3. Sorbic acid (mold and yeast)
  4. alcohol (15-20% v/v required)
22
Q

Colarants are regulated by the FDA (F, D, +C colors), and used in low concentrations. F, D, C stands for …

A

F= Food
D=Drug
C=Cosmetic

23
Q

Buffers include _____, mainly for stability and/or solubility.

A

citrate, phosphate

24
Q

Antioxidants and chelators include …

A

ascorbic acid, sulfites, citrate

25
Q

sweeteners are classified as nutritive or nonnutritive. Nutritive are _____, and include sucrose, fructose, aspartame, sorbitol, mannitol.

A

sweetener with calories

26
Q

Nonnutritive includes ________, and have a higher heat stability than nutritive.

A

saccharin, sucralose, acesulfame potassium

27
Q

A suspension can be irreversibly altered by three main types of physical instability…

A
  1. particle settling
  2. particle aggregation
  3. particle growth
28
Q

___ equation describes the speed of particle settling

A

Stoke’s

29
Q

Utility of Stoke’s equation the parameter…

A

effects of an increase on sedimentation rate

30
Q

Utility of Stoke’s equation the particle size…

A

bigger size, faster it falls

31
Q

Utility of Stoke’s equation the particle density…

A

denser particles fall faster

32
Q

Utility of Stoke’s equation the dispersion medium viscosity…

A

increase viscosity reduces settling rate

33
Q

As particles become smaller, total interfacial surface area in the system increases, and as a consequence, so does _____, which means it decrease thermodynamic stability.

A

interfacial free energy

34
Q

Thermodynamic of aggregation: System will tend towards the most thermodynamically stable state by (decreasing or increase) exposed surface area.

A

decreasing

35
Q

The degree and speed of aggregation is partially determined by a _____

A

balance of interparticulate forces

36
Q

Interparticulate forces include ____ which is the surface charges arising upon dispersal in aqueous medium (same identical molecule drug with same charge will be repulsive to each other)

A

electrostatic repulsive force

37
Q

Interparticulate forces include ____ which is the arising from electromagnetic fluctuations in surfaces molecules (come together permanently-hard to separate)

A

Van der Waals attractive forces

38
Q

Particles may aggregate very strongly at close distances _____

A

primary minimum

39
Q

Particles may aggregate very weakly at greater distances ____

A

secondary minimum

40
Q

Two types of particle aggregation: ____+____

A

Coagulation (hard to separate) and Flocculation (weakly bound)

41
Q

Coagulation are strongly bounded at the _____, the particles are closely aggregated making them difficult to disperse.

A

primary minimum

42
Q

____ is the formation of a non-redispersible sediment within a suspension (combination of settling and coagulation)

A

Caking

43
Q

De-flocculated particles are completely independent of each other and don’t have a ____ minimum

A

secondary

44
Q

Deflocculated particles are pressed together from weight above and the repulsive energy barrier is overcome, leading to the aggregation at the ____

A

primary minimum

45
Q

Formulators try to avoid caking by intentionally creating ___ suspensions.

A

flocculated

46
Q

Flocculation is the weakly bound particles at the ____ minimum

A

secondary

little shake will disperse particles

47
Q

How you store suspensions may lead to _____= growth of large particles at the expense of small ones.

A

Ostwald ripening

(1. small particles dissolve then supersaturate solution then recrystallize to larger crystals, 2. bridges between newly forming crystals occur resulting in large crystals)

48
Q

Larger particles in suspensions will have (faster or slower) settling and (faster or slower) dissolution which leads to effect the bioavailability of the drug.

A

faster, slower

49
Q

Ostwald ripening is accelerated by the ____ fluctuations.

A

temperature

alters solubility– avoid wide/repetitive temperature changes

DDS (29 decks)

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