Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomedicine basics > Respiration pathologies > Flashcards

Respiration pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Name at least 6 common signs and symptoms of a respiratory infection / pathology

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Runny nose
  3. Sneezing
  4. Cough
  5. Sputum
  6. Wheezing
  7. Chest pain
  8. Breathlessness
  9. Dyspnoea (difficulty breathing)
  10. Orthopnoea (breathless when lying down)
  11. Hyperventilation (over-breathing)
  12. Cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sputum type:

What characteristics and possible causes might ‘Mucoid’ sputum indicate:

A

Characteristics: Clear, grey / white

Possible causes: Asthma and bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sputum type:

What characteristics and possible causes might ‘Purulent’ indicate:

A

Characterstics: Thick, yellow / green

Possible causes: Infections (bronchitis, pneumonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sputum type:

What characteristics and possible causes might ‘serous’ indicate:

A

Characteristics: Clear, frothy, pink.

Possible causes: Pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sputum type:

What characteristics and possible causes might ‘blood’ indicate:

A

Characteristic: blood

Possible causes: Lung cancer, TB, pulmonary embolism, clotting disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 4 medical investigations for respiratory pathologies.

A
  1. Blood test (i.e white blood cell count, inflammatory markers)
  2. Biochemistry tests
  3. Sputum analysis and microbiology
  4. Imaging - chest x-rasy, MRO, CT.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 3 causes for Rhinitis…

A
  1. Immune compromise (leading to viral, bacterial or fungal infections)
  2. Allergic Rhinitis (e.g due to pollen, spores, mites) - IgE stimulates mast cells to release histamine
  3. Non- allergic rhinitis - associated with environmental and lifestyle changes, e.g pollution, diet, drugs such as NSAIDs, stress etc..)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 4 signs and symptoms of rhinitis:

A
  1. Itchy runny nose
  2. Sneezing
  3. Stuffy nose
  4. Dulling / loss of smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 3 complications of rhinitis

A
  1. Nasal polyps
  2. Ear infection
  3. Loss of smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Common Cold is an infection of the upper respiratory tract. How long might a cold last and name 3 symptoms?

A

Gradual onset lasting 2 to 7 days

Runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, mild fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 3 allopathic treatments for Rhinitis.

A
  1. Anti-histamines
  2. Decongestants
  3. Steroid nasal sprays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name some natural treatments for the common cold.

A

Nutritional immune support - vitamin C, zinc, vitamin D, steam inhalations with mint, time, eucalyptus, colloidal silver, rest.

Acupuncture and homeopathy

Herbal medicine - echinacea, elderberry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Influenza is an acute respiratory disease, associated with various strains of the flu virus.
Symptoms tend to be systemic, more severe and last longer. Name 3 common symptoms of the flu.

A
  1. Fever and shivering
  2. Muscle and joint pain
  3. Rhinitis
  4. Sore throat
  5. Malaise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List 3 Allopathic treatments for Influenza…

A
  1. Antiviral drugs - reduces viral shedding
  2. Antibiotics - to prevent secondary bacterial infection.
  3. Flu vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List 3 complications from the flu virus.

A
  1. Secondary infections while the immunes system is depleted
  2. Post-viral syndrome (chronic fatigue syndrome)
  3. Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the membranous lining of one or more of the sinuses (‘rhinosinusitis’).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name three symptoms of Sinusitis

A
  1. Pain over affected sinus and congestion
  2. sinus headaches
  3. Fever, nasal drip, change in tone of voice, reduced sense of smell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Nasal polyps are soft, non-cancerous (benign) masses of oedematous nasal mucosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does pathophysiology mean?

A

The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fill in the missing words…

1.______ inflammation causes the blood vessels in the lining of the 2._____ and _____ to become more permeable, allowing 3.____ to accumulate in the cells.
Over time, as gravity pulls on these waterlogged tissues, they may develop into polyps.

A
  1. Chronic
  2. Nose and sinuses
  3. Water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name 4 sign and symptoms of nasal polyps…

A
  1. Difficulty breathing, runny nose, persistent stuffiness
  2. Chronic sinus infections, reduced sense of smell.
  3. Dull headaches, snoring, mouth breathing
  4. Can cause sleep apnoea.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tonsilitus describes inflammation of the tonsils. Common in the ages….

A

5-10 years and 15-25 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Tonsils are immune / lymphoid tissue positioned in the oral and nasal passageway as a first line of defence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name 3 symptoms of tonsillitis…

A
  1. Sore throat that becomes worse when swallowing
  2. Fever over 38c
  3. Coughing, headache and red / inflamed tonsils.
26
Q

What pathology might you find quincy (abscess) as a complication?

A

Tonsillitis

27
Q

What is quincy?

A

An abscess that has formed around the tonsils, occurring as a result of tonsillitis

28
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

An acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.

Usually accompanies colds and tonsillitis and is often accompanied by swollen lymph nodes

29
Q

Laryngitis describes inflammation of the larynx and can be acute or chronic. Name 4 signs and symptoms associated with Laryngitis…

A
  1. Hoarseness, weak voice or voice loss
  2. Sore /dry / tickly throat
  3. Dry cough
  4. Difficulty breathing (in children)
30
Q

What is asthma?

A

Asthma is a chronic airway disease with reversible narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles

31
Q

What are the key chemical inflammatory mediators in asthma called? (they are bronchoconstrictors)

A

Leukotrienes

32
Q

Name 4 possible reasons for the increase in prevalence of asthma…

A
  1. Early weaning
  2. Inadequate exposure to pathogens in childhood
  3. Inherited dysbiosis (imbalance of gut flora) and antibiotic use in children
  4. Food additives
  5. Leaky gut syndrome
  6. Nutritional deficiencies i.e, C, D, E, Magnesium
33
Q

Asthma classification.

Explain what ‘Extrinsic (or atopic) asthma is…

A

Affecting children typically, immunologically mediated with an increase in IgE antibodies. Brought on by exposure to allergens e.g. pollen, dust, animal dander.

34
Q

Asthma classification.

Explain what Intrinsic asthma is…

A

A bronchial reaction that is not due to antigen-antibody stimulation. Adult onset typically

Common triggers include anxiety, chemicals, exercise, cold air, drugs (NSAIDs, beta blockers), stress, dust, etc.

35
Q

Highlights the pathological changes that occur in the bronchioles of an asthmatic patient.

A

Smooth muscle contracts and immune cells infiltrate the bronchioles as part of the inflammatory process, which obstructs the airways.

36
Q

Name 4 signs and symptoms of asthma…

A
  1. Recurrent episodes of Breathlessness and tight chest
  2. Wheezing ehen exhaling
  3. Nocturnal coughing, occasionally with thick clear or yellow sputum
  4. Accessory muscles of ventilation are overused and can cause aching in the neck and upper back
37
Q

Name an allopathic treatment for asthma…

A

Bronchodilators (blue inhaler).

Corticosteroids (brown inhaler)

38
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Bronchitis describes inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Inflammation can be acute or chronic

39
Q

Name 3 Signs and symptoms of bronchitis…

A
  1. Hacking unproductive cough, becoming productive within days (thick yellowy mucus).
  2. Fever, sore throat, shortness of breath, headache, runny or blocked nose, muscle pain.
  3. Signs: Crackles on auscultation, tachypnoea, tachycardia, cyanosis.
40
Q

Name 1 allopathic and 1 natural treatment for bronchitis.

A

Allopathic: Antibiotics

Natural: Nutritional immune support. Herbal medicine. Homeopathy

41
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) causes airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is due to airway and functional lung tissue damage.

Name the main 2 combination of pathologies COPD refers to…

A

Emphysema

Chronic bronchitis

42
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Dilation of alveolar sacs by destruction of alveolar wall, leading to collapse of alveoli during expiration.

43
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Inflammation and thickening of bronchial lining with mucus hyper-secretion.

44
Q

Name 2 causes of COPD…

A
  1. Smoking (accounts for 90% of COPD in Western countries)
  2. Exposure to lung irritants (air pollution, industrial chemicals,
    dusts, etc.), genetic susceptibility.
45
Q

Name 3 symptoms and 3 signs of COPD…

A

Symptoms

  1. Chronic cough with sputum, dyspnoea
  2. Prolonged expiration and wheeze.
  3. Frequent infections

Signs:
Tachypnoea (abnormally rapid breathing) , breathlessness on
exertion, pursed lips breathing, patients may lean forward and rest arms on the table, flapping tremor, cyanosis, hyperinflation of chest (barrel chest), clubbed nails.

46
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli and terminal bronchioles, mostly bacterial

47
Q

Pneumonia is associated with an infiltration of neutrophils (white blood cell) with inflammation and oedema (excess of watery fluid).

Name 2 symptoms…

A
  1. Cough and purulent sputum which may be blood-stained.

2. Breathlessness, fever, malaise.

48
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Gradual replacement of the one-layer-thick epithelial cell lining in alveoli with fibrotic tissue.

• Fibrotic (scar) tissues are less able to exchange oxygen and CO2.

49
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

Unknown cause

50
Q

What is obstructive sleep apnoea?

A

Intermittent and repeated upper airway collapse during sleep leading to interrupted breathing.

51
Q

Causes / risks of sleep apnoea include…

A

Obesity, male gender, middle-aged, smokers, alcohol, sedatives, nasal obstruction (rhinitis, polyps).

52
Q

A pneumothorax describes air accumulation within the pleural cavity, causing part or all of a lung to collapse.
Name 2 causes

A
  1. Spontaneous — rupture of cyst / pocket of air, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, emphysema.
  2. Traumatic (damage to pleura) — fracture, surgical complication.
53
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Where your skin or lips turn blue.

It can be a sign of a serious problem.

54
Q

Pleurisy describes pleural inflammation.
The pleural surfaces become coated with inflammatory materials and are hence roughened, (producing the friction rub on auscultation). Name a cause and a symptom…

A

Cause: tumor or infection
Symptom: Sharp chest pain while breathing.

55
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

A pulmonary embolism results from obstruction within the pulmonary arterial tree.

The embolus (mobile clot) often occurs as a result of a thrombosis, travelling up from one of the deep veins in the legs (i.e. a DVT).

56
Q

pulmonary embolism is a medical emergency, Potentially life-threatening as it can lead to cardiac arrest and heart failure.

Name three preventative measures…

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Anti-inflammatory diet
  3. Hydration
57
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

A multi-organ genetic disease that
affects chloride channels and subsequently key exocrine glands.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices

58
Q

What do chloride channels help maintain?

A

The proper balance of salt and water within a cell.

59
Q

Name TWO organs commonly affected by cystic fibrosis

A

Lungs

Digestive

60
Q

List TWO respiratory pathologies that cause finger clubbing

A

Lung cancer, COPD or cystic fibrosis

61
Q

List TWO causes of tonsillitis.

A

Viral (common cold or flu virus) or bacterial (streptococci).

Biomedicine basics (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions